Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-113
AllowedImproper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives data from an HTTP agent/component (e.g., web server, proxy, browser, etc.), but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CR and LF characters before the data is included in outgoing HTTP headers.
191 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-0825 (GCVE-0-2025-0825)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-04 14:11 – Updated: 2025-05-23 12:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CRLF injection in Cpp-httplib
Summary
cpp-httplib version v0.17.3 through v0.18.3 fails to filter CRLF characters ("\r\n") when those are prefixed with a null byte. This enables attackers to exploit CRLF injection that could further lead to HTTP Response Splitting, XSS, and more.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-04 15:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
2 references
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CVE-2024-54021 (GCVE-0-2024-54021)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-14 14:09 – Updated: 2025-08-06 18:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('http response splitting') vulnerability [CWE-113] in Fortinet FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.6.0, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.4.5 may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to bypass the file filter via crafted HTTP headers.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-15 14:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiOS |
Affected:
7.6.0
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|
| Fortinet | FortiProxy |
Affected:
7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.5
(semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.11 (semver) |
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CVE-2024-52875 (GCVE-0-2024-52875)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-31 00:00 – Updated: 2025-02-12 20:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An issue was discovered in GFI Kerio Control 9.2.5 through 9.4.5. The dest GET parameter passed to the /nonauth/addCertException.cs and /nonauth/guestConfirm.cs and /nonauth/expiration.cs pages is not properly sanitized before being used to generate a Location HTTP header in a 302 HTTP response. This can be exploited to perform Open Redirect or HTTP Response Splitting attacks, which in turn lead to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). Remote command execution can be achieved by leveraging the upgrade feature in the admin interface.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-31 17:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GFI | Kerio Control |
Affected:
9.2.5 , ≤ 9.4.5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:gfi:kerio_control:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-45687 (GCVE-0-2024-45687)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-21 16:35 – Updated: 2025-02-12 20:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTTP Server incorrectly accepting disallowed characters within header values
Summary
Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting') vulnerability in Payara Platform Payara Server (Grizzly, REST Management Interface modules), Payara Platform Payara Micro (Grizzly modules) allows Manipulating State, Identity Spoofing.This issue affects Payara Server: from 4.1.151 through 4.1.2.191.51, from 5.20.0 through 5.70.0, from 5.2020.2 through 5.2022.5, from 6.2022.1 through 6.2024.12, from 6.0.0 through 6.21.0; Payara Micro: from 4.1.152 through 4.1.2.191.51, from 5.20.0 through 5.70.0, from 5.2020.2 through 5.2022.5, from 6.2022.1 through 6.2024.12, from 6.0.0 through 6.21.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-21 17:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://docs.payara.fish/enterprise/docs/Release%… | release-notes |
| https://docs.payara.fish/enterprise/docs/5.71.0/R… | release-notes |
| https://docs.payara.fish/community/docs/6.2025.1/… | release-notes |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Payara Platform | Payara Server |
Affected:
4.1.151 , ≤ 4.1.2.191.51
(custom)
Affected: 5.20.0 , ≤ 5.70.0 (semver) Affected: 5.2020.2 , ≤ 5.2022.5 (semver) Affected: 6.2022.1 , ≤ 6.2024.12 (semver) Affected: 6.0.0 , ≤ 6.21.0 (semver) |
|
| Payara Platform | Payara Micro |
Affected:
4.1.152 , ≤ 4.1.2.191.51
(custom)
Affected: 5.20.0 , ≤ 5.70.0 (semver) Affected: 5.2020.2 , ≤ 5.2022.5 (semver) Affected: 6.2022.1 , ≤ 6.2024.12 (semver) Affected: 6.0.0 , ≤ 6.21.0 (semver) |
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CVE-2024-42487 (GCVE-0-2024-42487)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-15 20:26 – Updated: 2024-08-15 20:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cilium's Gateway API route matching order contradicts specification
Summary
Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution with an eBPF-based dataplane. In the 1.15 branch prior to 1.15.8 and the 1.16 branch prior to 1.16.1, Gateway API HTTPRoutes and GRPCRoutes do not follow the match precedence specified in the Gateway API specification. In particular, request headers are matched before request methods, when the specification describes that the request methods must be respected before headers are matched. This could result in unexpected behaviour with security This issue is fixed in Cilium v1.15.8 and v1.16.1. There is no workaround for this issue.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-08-15 20:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/cilium/cilium/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/cilium/cilium/pull/34109 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/cilium/cilium/commit/a3510fe4a… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-24795 (GCVE-0-2024-24795)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-04-04 19:20 – Updated: 2024-11-12 19:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache HTTP Server: HTTP Response Splitting in multiple modules
Summary
HTTP Response splitting in multiple modules in Apache HTTP Server allows an attacker that can inject malicious response headers into backend applications to cause an HTTP desynchronization attack.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.4.59, which fixes this issue.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-11-12 19:38 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://httpd.apache.org/security/vulnerabilities… | vendor-advisory |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2024041… | x_transferred |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | x_transferred |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/04/04/5 | x_transferred |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | x_transferred |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | x_transferred |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024… | x_transferred |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024… | x_transferred |
| https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214119 | x_transferred |
| http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/18 | x_transferred |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache HTTP Server |
Affected:
2.4.0 , ≤ 2.4.58
(semver)
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CVE-2024-23644 (GCVE-0-2024-23644)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-24 19:38 – Updated: 2025-05-30 14:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
trillium-http and trillium-client vulnerable to HTTP Request/Response Splitting
Summary
Trillium is a composable toolkit for building internet applications with async rust. In `trillium-http` prior to 0.3.12 and `trillium-client` prior to 0.5.4, insufficient validation of outbound header values may lead to request splitting or response splitting attacks in scenarios where attackers have sufficient control over headers. This only affects use cases where attackers have control of request headers, and can insert "\r\n" sequences. Specifically, if untrusted and unvalidated input is inserted into header names or values.
Outbound `trillium_http::HeaderValue` and `trillium_http::HeaderName` can be constructed infallibly and were not checked for illegal bytes when sending requests from the client or responses from the server. Thus, if an attacker has sufficient control over header values (or names) in a request or response that they could inject `\r\n` sequences, they could get the client and server out of sync, and then pivot to gain control over other parts of requests or responses. (i.e. exfiltrating data from other requests, SSRF, etc.)
In `trillium-http` versions 0.3.12 and later, if a header name is invalid in server response headers, the specific header and any associated values are omitted from network transmission. Additionally, if a header value is invalid in server response headers, the individual header value is omitted from network transmission. Other headers values with the same header name will still be sent. In `trillium-client` versions 0.5.4 and later, if any header name or header value is invalid in the client request headers, awaiting the client Conn returns an `Error::MalformedHeader` prior to any network access. As a workaround, Trillium services and client applications should sanitize or validate untrusted input that is included in header values and header names. Carriage return, newline, and null characters are not allowed.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-08 18:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/trillium-rs/trillium/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/trillium-rs/trillium/commit/16… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/trillium-rs/trillium/commit/8d… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| trillium-rs | trillium |
Affected:
< 0.5.4
Affected: < 0.3.12 |
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CVE-2024-20392 (GCVE-0-2024-20392)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-15 17:22 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability in the web-based management API of Cisco AsyncOS Software for Cisco Secure Email Gateway could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct an HTTP response splitting attack.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of some parameters that are passed to the web-based management API of the affected system. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user of an affected interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to perform cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, resulting in the execution of arbitrary script code in the browser of the targeted user, or could allow the attacker to access sensitive, browser-based information.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-05-15 19:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-113 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Response Splitting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Email |
Affected:
11.0.3-238
Affected: 11.1.0-069 Affected: 11.1.0-128 Affected: 12.0.0-419 Affected: 12.1.0-071 Affected: 12.1.0-087 Affected: 12.1.0-089 Affected: 13.0.0-392 Affected: 13.0.5-007 Affected: 13.5.1-277 Affected: 13.5.4-038 Affected: 12.5.0-066 Affected: 12.5.4-041 Affected: 12.5.3-041 Affected: 14.0.0-698 Affected: 14.2.0-620 Affected: 14.2.1-020 Affected: 14.3.0-032 Affected: 15.0.0-104 Affected: 15.0.1-030 Affected: 15.5.0-048 |
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CVE-2023-42450 (GCVE-0-2023-42450)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-09-19 15:53 – Updated: 2025-06-18 14:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mastodon Server-Side Request Forgery vulnerability
Summary
Mastodon is a free, open-source social network server based on ActivityPub. Starting in version 4.2.0-beta1 and prior to version 4.2.0-rc2, by crafting specific input, attackers can inject arbitrary data into HTTP requests issued by Mastodon. This can be used to perform confused deputy attacks if the server configuration includes `ALLOWED_PRIVATE_ADDRESSES` to allow access to local exploitable services. Version 4.2.0-rc2 has a patch for the issue.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-06-18 14:28 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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Impacted products
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CVE-2023-41834 (GCVE-0-2023-41834)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-09-19 12:34 – Updated: 2025-02-13 17:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Flink Stateful Functions allowed HTTP header injection due to Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences
Summary
Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers in Apache Flink Stateful Functions 3.1.0, 3.1.1 and 3.2.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks via crafted HTTP requests. Attackers could potentially inject malicious content into the HTTP response that is sent to the user's browser.
Users should upgrade to Apache Flink Stateful Functions version 3.3.0.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-25 14:19 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Flink Stateful Functions |
Affected:
3.1.0 , ≤ 3.2.0
(semver)
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"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Apache Flink Stateful Functions allowed HTTP header injection due to Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09",
"assignerShortName": "apache",
"cveId": "CVE-2023-41834",
"datePublished": "2023-09-19T12:34:16.970Z",
"dateReserved": "2023-09-01T20:38:56.287Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-02-13T17:09:03.658Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Construct HTTP headers very carefully, avoiding the use of non-validated input data.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. If an input does not strictly conform to specifications, reject it or transform it into something that conforms.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-30
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-31: Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies
This attack relies on the use of HTTP Cookies to store credentials, state information and other critical data on client systems. There are several different forms of this attack. The first form of this attack involves accessing HTTP Cookies to mine for potentially sensitive data contained therein. The second form involves intercepting this data as it is transmitted from client to server. This intercepted information is then used by the adversary to impersonate the remote user/session. The third form is when the cookie's content is modified by the adversary before it is sent back to the server. Here the adversary seeks to convince the target server to operate on this falsified information.
CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.