CVE-2025-31201 (GCVE-0-2025-31201)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-16 18:24 – Updated: 2026-04-02 18:24- An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS.
- CWE-1220 - Insufficient Granularity of Access Control
CISA
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
Scope
Evidence
Type: Vendor Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 80%
Source: cisa-kev
Details
| Cwes | |
|---|---|
| Feed | CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog |
| Product | Multiple Products |
| Due Date | 2025-05-08 |
| Date Added | 2025-04-17 |
| Vendorproject | Apple |
| Vulnerabilityname | Apple Multiple Products Arbitrary Read and Write Vulnerability |
| Knownransomwarecampaignuse | Unknown |
References
Previdian
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
Scope
Evidence
Type: Public Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 70%
Source: kevintel
Details
| Feed | KEVIntel (kevintel.com) |
|---|---|
| Title | This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.4.1 and iPadOS 18.4.1, macOS Sequoia 15.4.1, tvOS 18.4.1,... |
| Vendor | Apple |
| Product | iOS and iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, visionOS |
| Added Date | 2025-04-17T00:00:00.000Z |
| Cvss Score | 6.8 |
| Epss Score | None |
| Cvss Severity | MEDIUM |
| Epss Percentile | None |
| Used In Malware | unknown |
| Ahead Of Cisa Kev | None |
| Not Yet In Cisa Kev | False |
References
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-31201",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "active"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-11-25T04:55:31.716038Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"dateAdded": "2025-04-17",
"reference": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31201"
},
"type": "kev"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-1220",
"description": "CWE-1220 Insufficient Granularity of Access Control",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:13.077Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"government-resource"
],
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31201"
},
{
"tags": [
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201/blob/main/Remote%20Crypto%20Attack%20Chain%20.md"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/issues/200"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
},
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:48:19.883Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/4"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/3"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/0"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jun/14"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/26"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "iOS and iPadOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "macOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "15.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "tvOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "visionOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "2.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.4.1 and iPadOS 18.4.1, macOS Sequoia 15.4.1, tvOS 18.4.1, visionOS 2.4.1. An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS."
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"description": "An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS.",
"lang": "en"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-02T18:24:41.543Z",
"orgId": "286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c",
"shortName": "apple"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c",
"assignerShortName": "apple",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-31201",
"datePublished": "2025-04-16T18:24:31.230Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-03-27T16:13:58.315Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-02T18:24:41.543Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"cisa_known_exploited": {
"cveID": "CVE-2025-31201",
"dateAdded": "2025-04-17",
"dueDate": "2025-05-08",
"forensicTriage": "No",
"knownRansomwareCampaignUse": "Unknown",
"notes": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402 ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31201",
"product": "Multiple Products",
"requiredAction": "Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.",
"shortDescription": "Apple iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and other Apple products contain an arbitrary read and write vulnerability that allows an attacker to bypass Pointer Authentication.",
"vendorProject": "Apple",
"vulnerabilityName": "Apple Multiple Products Arbitrary Read and Write Vulnerability"
},
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2025-31201",
"date": "2026-09-20",
"epss": "0.13853",
"percentile": "0.96351"
},
"nvd": {
"cve": {
"affected": [
{
"affectedData": [
{
"product": "iOS and iPadOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "macOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "15.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "tvOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "visionOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "2.4.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"source": "product-security@apple.com"
}
],
"cisaActionDue": "2025-05-08",
"cisaExploitAdd": "2025-04-17",
"cisaRequiredAction": "Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.",
"cisaVulnerabilityName": "Apple Multiple Products Arbitrary Read and Write Vulnerability",
"configurations": [
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"matchCriteriaId": "DF26261D-C727-4D9C-A012-E08DB7E76F78",
"versionEndExcluding": "15.4.1",
"versionStartIncluding": "15.0",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
},
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:apple:tvos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"matchCriteriaId": "A24DBFEA-B927-44AA-82F3-C9A385B6F426",
"versionEndExcluding": "18.4.1",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
},
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:apple:visionos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"matchCriteriaId": "925616D6-4CD8-4999-ABA7-57810D148EEF",
"versionEndExcluding": "2.4.1",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
},
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"matchCriteriaId": "F16CA380-BCA8-4704-A2DF-8DEFB6C74304",
"versionEndExcluding": "18.4.1",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
},
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"matchCriteriaId": "F3509987-8BCC-4735-B3A0-CB8821F015C4",
"versionEndExcluding": "18.4.1",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
}
],
"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.4.1 and iPadOS 18.4.1, macOS Sequoia 15.4.1, tvOS 18.4.1, visionOS 2.4.1. An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS."
},
{
"lang": "es",
"value": "Este problema se solucion\u00f3 eliminando el c\u00f3digo vulnerable. Este problema se ha corregido en tvOS 18.4.1, visionOS 2.4.1, iOS 18.4.1 y iPadOS 18.4.1, y macOS Sequoia 15.4.1. Un atacante con capacidad de lectura y escritura arbitraria podr\u00eda eludir la autenticaci\u00f3n de puntero. Apple tiene conocimiento de un informe que indica que este problema podr\u00eda haber sido explotado en un ataque extremadamente sofisticado contra individuos espec\u00edficos en iOS."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2025-31201",
"lastModified": "2026-06-17T09:10:00.800",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
"impactScore": 5.9,
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"type": "Secondary"
}
],
"ssvcV203": [
{
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"ssvcData": {
"id": "CVE-2025-31201",
"options": [
{
"exploitation": "active"
},
{
"automatable": "yes"
},
{
"technicalImpact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-11-25T04:55:31.716038Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
}
}
]
},
"published": "2025-04-16T19:15:54.673",
"references": [
{
"source": "product-security@apple.com",
"tags": [
"Release Notes",
"Vendor Advisory"
],
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282"
},
{
"source": "product-security@apple.com",
"tags": [
"Release Notes",
"Vendor Advisory"
],
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400"
},
{
"source": "product-security@apple.com",
"tags": [
"Release Notes",
"Vendor Advisory"
],
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401"
},
{
"source": "product-security@apple.com",
"tags": [
"Release Notes",
"Vendor Advisory"
],
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402"
},
{
"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"tags": [
"Mailing List",
"Third Party Advisory"
],
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/26"
},
{
"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"tags": [
"Mailing List",
"Third Party Advisory"
],
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jun/14"
},
{
"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"tags": [
"Mailing List",
"Third Party Advisory"
],
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/0"
},
{
"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"tags": [
"Mailing List",
"Third Party Advisory"
],
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/3"
},
{
"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"tags": [
"Mailing List",
"Third Party Advisory"
],
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/4"
},
{
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"tags": [
"Broken Link",
"Exploit"
],
"url": "https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201/blob/main/Remote%20Crypto%20Attack%20Chain%20.md"
},
{
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"tags": [
"Issue Tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/issues/200"
},
{
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"tags": [
"US Government Resource"
],
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31201"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "product-security@apple.com",
"vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
"weaknesses": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "CWE-1220"
}
],
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"current_release_date": "2026-04-02T23:01:18+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-31201",
"id": "CVE-2025-31201",
"initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "CVE-2025-31201",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-31201.json",
"version": "3"
},
"vulnrichment": {
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:48:19.883Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/4"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/3"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/0"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jun/14"
},
{
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/26"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
},
{
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-31201",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "active"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-11-25T04:55:31.716038Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"dateAdded": "2025-04-17",
"reference": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31201"
},
"type": "kev"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-1220",
"description": "CWE-1220 Insufficient Granularity of Access Control",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-16T18:46:17.766Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"government-resource"
],
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31201"
},
{
"tags": [
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201/blob/main/Remote%20Crypto%20Attack%20Chain%20.md"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/issues/200"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "visionOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "2.4",
"status": "affected",
"version": "unspecified",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "iOS iOS and iPadOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4",
"status": "affected",
"version": "unspecified",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "tvOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "18.4",
"status": "affected",
"version": "unspecified",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"product": "macOS",
"vendor": "Apple",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "15.4",
"status": "affected",
"version": "unspecified",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "This issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in tvOS 18.4.1, visionOS 2.4.1, iOS iOS 18.4.1 and iPadOS 18.4.1, macOS Sequoia 15.4.1. An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS."
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"description": "An attacker with arbitrary read and write capability may be able to bypass Pointer Authentication. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on iOS.",
"lang": "en"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-16T18:24:31.230Z",
"orgId": "286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c",
"shortName": "apple"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401"
},
{
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c",
"assignerShortName": "apple",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-31201",
"datePublished": "2025-04-16T18:24:31.230Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-03-27T16:13:58.315Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:13.077Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.