{
  "document": {
    "acknowledgments": [
      {
        "names": [
          "Shakir Zari",
          "Jerin Sunny"
        ],
        "summary": "reported this vulnerability to CISA"
      }
    ],
    "category": "csaf_security_advisory",
    "csaf_version": "2.0",
    "distribution": {
      "text": "Disclosure is not limited",
      "tlp": {
        "label": "WHITE",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/traffic-light-protocol-tlp-definitions-and-usage"
      }
    },
    "lang": "en-US",
    "notes": [
      {
        "category": "legal_disclaimer",
        "text": "This product is provided subject to this Notification (https://www.cisa.gov/notification) and this Privacy \u0026 Use policy (https://www.cisa.gov/privacy-policy).",
        "title": "Legal Notice and Terms of Use"
      },
      {
        "category": "summary",
        "text": "Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to read and write arbitrary handle values and change clinical readings, which could result in taking control of the device and lead to patient harm.",
        "title": "Advisory Summary"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Healthcare and Public Health",
        "title": "Critical infrastructure sectors"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Worldwide",
        "title": "Countries/areas deployed"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "United States",
        "title": "Company headquarters location"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the internet.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability is not exploitable remotely.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      }
    ],
    "publisher": {
      "category": "coordinator",
      "contact_details": "central@cisa.dhs.gov",
      "name": "CISA",
      "namespace": "https://www.cisa.gov/"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICS Advisory ICSMA-26-148-01 JSON",
        "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsma-26-148-01.json"
      },
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICSA Advisory ICSMA-26-148-01 - Web Version",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-medical-advisories/icsma-26-148-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cybersecurity_Best_Practices_for_Industrial_Control_Systems.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/topics/industrial-control-systems"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ics-alert-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/targeted-cyber-intrusion-detection-and-mitigation-strategies-update-b"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/secure-our-world/teach-employees-avoid-phishing"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/avoiding-social-engineering-and-phishing-attacks"
      }
    ],
    "title": "Fourth Frontier Frontier X Mobile Application, Frontier X2",
    "tracking": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-05-28T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "generator": {
        "date": "2026-05-27T22:05:36.243687Z",
        "engine": {
          "name": "CISA CSAF Generator",
          "version": "1.0.0"
        }
      },
      "id": "ICSMA-26-148-01",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-05-28T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "revision_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-28T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "legacy_version": "Initial",
          "number": "1",
          "summary": "Initial Publication"
        }
      ],
      "status": "final",
      "version": "1"
    }
  },
  "product_tree": {
    "branches": [
      {
        "branches": [
          {
            "branches": [
              {
                "category": "product_version_range",
                "name": "\u003cv15.0.0",
                "product": {
                  "name": "Fourth Frontier Frontier X Android application: \u003cv15.0.0",
                  "product_id": "CSAFPID-0001"
                }
              }
            ],
            "category": "product_name",
            "name": "Frontier X Android application"
          },
          {
            "branches": [
              {
                "category": "product_version_range",
                "name": "\u003cv25.0.0",
                "product": {
                  "name": "Fourth Frontier Frontier X IOS application: \u003cv25.0.0",
                  "product_id": "CSAFPID-0002"
                }
              }
            ],
            "category": "product_name",
            "name": "Frontier X IOS application"
          },
          {
            "branches": [
              {
                "category": "product_version_range",
                "name": "vers:all/*",
                "product": {
                  "name": "Fourth Frontier Frontier X2: vers:all/*",
                  "product_id": "CSAFPID-0003"
                }
              }
            ],
            "category": "product_name",
            "name": "Frontier X2"
          }
        ],
        "category": "vendor",
        "name": "Fourth Frontier"
      }
    ]
  },
  "vulnerabilities": [
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-5768",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-306",
        "name": "Missing Authentication for Critical Function"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "The Frontier X2 device allows unauthenticated BLE read/write access to critical GATT characteristics without enforcing pairing authentication or authorization. This allows attackers within BLE range to perform unauthorized control of device functions, including starting/stopping activities, triggering vibrations, causing denial-of-service conditions, and fuzzing characteristic values to induce unexpected behavior. Additionally, the Frontier X mobile application lacks proper BLE device authentication, allowing attackers to impersonate a legitimate Frontier X2 device and connect to the application. By cloning BLE advertisements and exposing expected GATT characteristics, attackers can manipulate activity states and inject fabricated health telemetry such as breathing rate, heart rate, strain, and other health-related data into the mobile application.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:N/2026-05-27T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001",
          "CSAFPID-0002",
          "CSAFPID-0003"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/306.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-5768"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0#CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Fourth Frontier is aware of the vulnerability and is working on a fix. Users are encouraged to reach out to Fourth Frontier directly for assistance. https://fourthfrontier.com/pages/contact-usl.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001",
            "CSAFPID-0002",
            "CSAFPID-0003"
          ],
          "url": "https://fourthfrontier.com/pages/contact-us"
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Frontier X/X2 devices can connect to only one app at a time; users should first connect the Frontier X/X2 device using the Frontier X app and then start the activity.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001",
            "CSAFPID-0002",
            "CSAFPID-0003"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001",
            "CSAFPID-0002",
            "CSAFPID-0003"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}