GHSA-HM49-WCQC-G2XG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-04 22:04 – Updated: 2026-05-13 13:42
VLAI
Summary
net-imap vulnerable to command Injection via "raw" arguments to multiple commands
Details

Summary

Several Net::IMAP commands accept a raw string argument that is sent to the server without validation or escaping. If this string is derived from user-controlled input, it may contain contain CRLF sequences, which an attacker can use to inject arbitrary IMAP commands.

Details

Net::IMAP's generic argument handling, used by most command arguments, interprets string arguments as an IMAP astring. Depending on the string contents and the connection's UTF-8 support, this encodes strings as either a atom, quoted, or literal. These are safe from command or argument injection.

But the following commands transform specific String arguments to Net::IMAP::RawData, which bypasses normal argument validation and encoding and prints the string directly to the socket: * #uid_search, #search * when criteria is a String, it is sent raw * #uid_fetch, #fetch * when attr is a String, it is sent raw * when attr is an Array, each String in attr is sent raw * #uid_store, #store * when attr is a String, it is sent raw * #setquota: * limit is interpolated with #to_s and that string is sent raw

Because these string arguments are sent without any neutralization, they serve as a direct vector for command splitting. Any user controlled data interpolated into these strings can be used to break out of the intended command context.

Using "raw data" arguments for #uid_store, #store, and #setquota I both inappropriate and unnecessary. Net::IMAP's generic argument handling is sufficient to safely validate and encode their arguments. Users of the library probably do not expect arguments to these commands to be sent raw and might not be wary of passing unvalidated input.

The API for search criteria and fetch attributes is intentionally low-level and "close to the wire". It allows developers to use some IMAP extensions without requiring explicit support from the library and allows developers to use complex IMAP grammar without complex argument translation. Even so, basic validation is appropriate and could neutralize command injection.

Although this was explicitly documented for search criteria, it was insufficiently documented for fetch attr. So developers may not have realized that the attr argument to #fetch and #uid_fetch is sent as "raw data".

Impact

If a developer passes an unvalidated user-controlled input for one of these method arguments, an attacker can append CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like DELETE mailbox). Although this does not directly enable data exfiltration, it could be combined with other attack vectors or knowledge of the target system's attributes, e.g.: shared mail folders or the application's installed response handlers.

The SEARCH, STORE, and FETCH commands, and their UID variants are some of the most commonly used features of the library. Applications that build search queries or fetch attributes dynamically based on user input (e.g., mail clients or archival tools) may be at significant risk.

Expected use of Net::IMAP#setquota is much more limited: SETQUOTA is often only usable by users with special administrative privileges. Depending on the server, quota administration might be managed through server configuration rather than via the IMAP protocol SETQUOTA command. It is expected to be uncommonly used in system administration scripts or in interactive sessions, it should be completely controlled by trusted users, and should only use trusted inputs. Calling #setquota with untrusted user input is expected to be a very uncommon use case. Please note however this might be combined with other attacks, for example CSRF, which provide unauthorized access to trusted inputs, and may specifically target users or scripts with administrator privileges.

Mitigation

  • Update to a patched version of net-imap which:
  • validates that Net::IMAP::RawData is composed of well-formed IMAP text, literal, and literal8 values, with no unescaped NULL, CR, or LF bytes.
  • does not use Net::IMAP::RawData for #store, #uid_store, or #setquota.
  • Prefer to send search criteria as an array of key value pairs. Avoid sending it as an interpolated string.
  • If an immediate upgrade is not possible:
  • String inputs to search criteria and fetch attributes can be validated against command injection by checking for \r and \n characters.
  • Hard-coding the store attr argument is often appropriate. Alternatively, user controlled inputs can be restricted to a small enumerated list which is valid for the calling application.
  • Use Kernel#Integer to coerce and validate user controlled inputs to #setquota limit.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.6.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.6.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.5.13"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.5.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.5.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.4.23"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.4.24"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42257"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-93"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-04T22:04:41Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-09T20:16:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nSeveral `Net::IMAP` commands accept a raw string argument that is sent to the server without validation or escaping.  If this string is derived from user-controlled input, it may contain contain `CRLF` sequences, which an attacker can use to inject arbitrary IMAP commands.\n\n### Details\n\n`Net::IMAP`\u0027s generic argument handling, used by most command arguments, interprets string arguments as an IMAP `astring`.  Depending on the string contents and the connection\u0027s UTF-8 support, this encodes strings as either a `atom`, `quoted`, or `literal`.  These are safe from command or argument injection.\n\nBut the following commands transform specific String arguments to `Net::IMAP::RawData`, which bypasses normal argument validation and encoding and prints the string directly to the socket:\n* `#uid_search`, `#search`\n  * when `criteria` is a String, it is sent raw\n* `#uid_fetch`, `#fetch`\n  * when `attr` is a String, it is sent raw\n  * when `attr` is an Array, each String in `attr` is sent raw\n* `#uid_store`, `#store`\n  * when `attr` is a String, it is sent raw\n* `#setquota`:\n  * `limit` is interpolated with `#to_s` and that string is sent raw\n\nBecause these string arguments are sent without any neutralization, they serve as a direct vector for command splitting.  Any user controlled data interpolated into these strings can be used to break out of the intended command context.\n\nUsing \"raw data\" arguments for  `#uid_store`, `#store`, and `#setquota` I  both inappropriate and unnecessary.  `Net::IMAP`\u0027s generic argument handling is sufficient to safely validate and encode their arguments.  Users of the library probably do not expect arguments to these commands to be sent raw and might not be wary of passing unvalidated input.\n\nThe API for search criteria and fetch attributes is intentionally low-level and \"close to the wire\".  It allows developers to use some IMAP extensions without requiring explicit support from the library and allows developers to use complex IMAP grammar without complex argument translation.  Even so, basic validation is appropriate and could neutralize command injection.\n\nAlthough this was explicitly documented for search `criteria`, it was insufficiently documented for fetch `attr`.  So developers may not have realized that the `attr` argument to `#fetch` and `#uid_fetch` is sent as \"raw data\".\n\n### Impact\n\nIf a developer passes an unvalidated user-controlled input for one of these method arguments, an attacker can append CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like DELETE mailbox).  Although this does not _directly_ enable data exfiltration, it could be combined with other attack vectors or knowledge of the target system\u0027s attributes, e.g.: shared mail folders or the application\u0027s installed response handlers.\n\nThe SEARCH, STORE, and FETCH commands, and their UID variants are some of the most commonly used features of the library.  Applications that build search queries or fetch attributes dynamically based on user input (e.g., mail clients or archival tools) may be at significant risk.\n\nExpected use of `Net::IMAP#setquota` is much more limited: `SETQUOTA` is often only usable by users with special administrative privileges.  Depending on the server, quota administration might be managed through server configuration rather than via the IMAP protocol `SETQUOTA` command.  It is expected to be uncommonly used in system administration scripts or in interactive sessions, it should be completely controlled by trusted users, and should only use trusted inputs.  Calling `#setquota` with untrusted user input is expected to be a very uncommon use case.  Please note however this might be combined with other attacks, for example CSRF, which provide unauthorized access to trusted inputs, and may specifically target users or scripts with administrator privileges.\n\n### Mitigation\n - Update to a patched version of `net-imap` which:\n   - validates that `Net::IMAP::RawData` is composed of well-formed IMAP `text`, `literal`, and `literal8` values, with no unescaped `NULL`, `CR`, or `LF` bytes.\n   - does not use `Net::IMAP::RawData` for `#store`, `#uid_store`, or `#setquota`.\n - Prefer to send search criteria as an array of key value pairs.  Avoid sending it as an interpolated string.\n - If an immediate upgrade is not possible:\n   - String inputs to search criteria and fetch attributes can be validated against command injection by checking for `\\r` and `\\n` characters.\n   - Hard-coding the store `attr` argument is often appropriate.  Alternatively, user controlled inputs can be restricted to a small enumerated list which is valid for the calling application.\n   - Use `Kernel#Integer` to coerce and validate user controlled inputs to `#setquota` limit.",
  "id": "GHSA-hm49-wcqc-g2xg",
  "modified": "2026-05-13T13:42:10Z",
  "published": "2026-05-04T22:04:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-hm49-wcqc-g2xg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42257"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/0ec4fd351263e8b9a4f683713427827b7b1ad974"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/47c72186d272441878ca73c9499f66013829ca2f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/6bf02aef7e0b5931010c36e377f79a71636b306b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/a4f7649c3da77dec7631f03a037a478eb4330048"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/aec06996eb87a7e1bbcef1f9f8926e8add2b8c71"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "net-imap vulnerable to command Injection via \"raw\" arguments to multiple commands"
}


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