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GHSA-HHJV-QJ57-F47F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-17 18:32 – Updated: 2026-09-18 18:31

Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release

The trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly 'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier.

A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead of call insn.
Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target. 'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'.
Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in 'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn using call insn.

[ 3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98 ... [ 3.428793] bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130 [ 3.429293] bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30

Fix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock.

Severity

7.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-92485"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-17T17:17:50Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n\u0027tr-\u003eflags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027 in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 became\n   \u0027BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog\u0027s nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 became \u0027BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027, the trampoline will fail to restore the prog\u0027s nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 with \u0027|=\u0027 and lock.",
  "id": "GHSA-hhjv-qj57-f47f",
  "modified": "2026-09-18T18:31:32Z",
  "published": "2026-09-17T18:32:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92485"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2026-92485 (GCVE-0-2026-92485)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 16:10 – Updated: 2026-09-18 17:55

Title

bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release The trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly 'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier. 1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead of call insn. 2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target. 'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. 3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in 'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn using call insn. [ 3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98 ... [ 3.428793] bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130 [ 3.429293] bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30 Fix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock.

Severity

7.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Assigner

Linux mitre root Scorecard

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecf…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: 2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544 , < 48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781 (git) Affected: 2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544 , < 61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9 (git) Affected: 605c8d8f9966fcd2f0b858fabebe416fc83f2209 (git) Affected: 028480eaf2a1401e914a1fa1a4a21d877cf0ae30 (git) Affected: 8f873cc3f67f2257493063e57d0caf07ef889ee9 (git) Affected: 6.1.72 , < 6.2 (semver) Affected: 6.5.12 , < 6.6 (semver) Affected: 6.6.2 , < 6.7 (semver)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 6.7 Unaffected: 0 , < 6.7 (semver) Unaffected: 7.2.6 , ≤ 7.2.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.3-rc1 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

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{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "include/linux/bpf.h",
            "kernel/bpf/trampoline.c",
            "kernel/bpf/verifier.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "605c8d8f9966fcd2f0b858fabebe416fc83f2209",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "028480eaf2a1401e914a1fa1a4a21d877cf0ae30",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "8f873cc3f67f2257493063e57d0caf07ef889ee9",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.1.72",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.6",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.5.12",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.7",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.6.2",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "include/linux/bpf.h",
            "kernel/bpf/trampoline.c",
            "kernel/bpf/verifier.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.7"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.7",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.2.6",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.3-rc1",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.2.6",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.7",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.3-rc1",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.7",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.72",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.5.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.2",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n\u0027tr-\u003eflags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027 in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 became\n   \u0027BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog\u0027s nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 became \u0027BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX\u0027.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027, the trampoline will fail to restore the prog\u0027s nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating \u0027tr-\u003eflags\u0027 with \u0027|=\u0027 and lock."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The trigger is local bpf() only: BPF_PROG_LOAD of a tail_call_reachable target plus two BPF_TRACE_FEXIT programs (check_attach_btf_id overwrites tr-\u003eflags), BPF_LINK_CREATE via bpf_tracing_prog_attach, then close() of the first link into bpf_tracing_link_release. No remote protocol carries the malformed state.\nAC:L - After the first fexit attach, bpf_trampoline_update sets BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG and bpf_arch_text_poke installs a JMP (bpf_trampoline_use_jmp). A second BPF_PROG_LOAD then does tr-\u003eflags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX in check_attach_btf_id; closing the first link hits the JMP-vs-CALL mismatch. The attacker owns both loads and the close; CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_JMP is def_bool y on x86_64.\nPR:L - bpf_prog_load() of BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING/BPF_TRACE_FEXIT requires CAP_BPF and, via is_perfmon_prog_type(), CAP_PERFMON; bpf_token_capable() with a delegated BPF token grants those into a non-init user namespace, so this is not init-namespace root.\nUI:N - The attacker loads both fexit programs, attaches the first with BPF_LINK_CREATE/bpf_tracing_prog_attach, and closes that link fd themselves; no victim mount, open, or other action is required.\nS:U - The leftover JMP in the target program and the use-after-free of fexit1\u0027s JIT image stay inside host kernel BPF trampoline code; they do not cross a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - Failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() leaves the target\u0027s 5-byte slot as a JMP into the trampoline image that still calls fexit1-\u003ebpf_func, while bpf_link_free()\u2192bpf_link_dealloc() immediately bpf_prog_put()s fexit1 (no dealloc_deferred). After bpf_jit_free(), later target invocations read that freed executable image.\nI:H - The same dangling trampoline CALL into fexit1\u0027s freed JIT pages is an executable use-after-free; the attacker controls the fexit program and can spray replacement JIT text at that address, hijacking kernel control flow when the target program runs.\nA:H - bpf_tracing_link_release() WARN_ON_ONCE()s the failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() after bpf_arch_text_poke() rejects the JMP-vs-CALL restore. Running the target afterward jumps to the trampoline and calls the freed fexit JIT, causing a kernel paging fault/oops."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-18T17:55:25.436Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9"
        }
      ],
      "title": "bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-92485",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-17T16:10:00.999Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-16T12:21:13.870Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-18T17:55:25.436Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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GHSA-HHJV-QJ57-F47F

CVE-2026-92485 (GCVE-0-2026-92485)

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