Vulnerability-Lookup

GHSA-898C-Q2CR-XWHG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 15:54 – Updated: 2026-06-12 19:25

Summary

axios has DoS & Header Injection via Prototype Pollution Read-Side Gadgets in axios merge functions

Details

Summary

axios 1.15.2 exposes two read-side prototype-pollution gadgets. When Object.prototype is polluted by an upstream dependency in the same process (e.g. lodash _.merge / CVE-2018-16487), axios silently picks up the polluted values:

Header injection - lib/utils.js line 406 builds merge()'s accumulator as result = {}, so result[targetKey] (line 414) walks Object.prototype and the polluted bucket's own keys are copied into the merged headers and ride out on the wire.
Crash DoS - lib/core/mergeConfig.js line 26 builds the hasOwnProperty descriptor as a plain-object literal. Object.defineProperty reads descriptor.get/descriptor.set via the prototype chain, so a polluted Object.prototype.get or Object.prototype.set makes the call throw TypeError synchronously on every axios request.

Affected Properties

Polluted slot	Effect
`Object.prototype.common`	injects headers on every method
`Object.prototype.delete` / `.head` / `.post` / `.put` / `.patch` / `.query`	injects headers on the matching method
`Object.prototype.get`	every axios request throws `TypeError: Getter must be a function` from `mergeConfig.js:26`
`Object.prototype.set`	every axios request throws `TypeError: Setter must be a function` from `mergeConfig.js:26`

Per-request headers (axios.request(url, { headers: {...} })) overwrite polluted entries. Polluting Object.prototype.get triggers the crash before any header is built.

Proof of Concept

const axios = require('axios');

// Finding A - header injection
Object.prototype.common = { 'X-Poisoned': 'yes' };
await axios.get('http://api.example.com/users');
// Wire request carries `X-Poisoned: yes`.

// Finding B - crash DoS
Object.prototype.get = { something: 'anything' };
await axios.get('http://api.example.com/users');
// TypeError: Getter must be a function: #<Object>
//     at Function.defineProperty (<anonymous>)
//     at mergeConfig (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:26:10)

Impact

Server hang (Content-Length: 99999): receiver waits for a body that never arrives. Affects requests with a body.
CL+TE conflict (Transfer-Encoding: chunked rides alongside axios's auto Content-Length): receiver rejects with 400 Bad Request. Affects requests with a body.
Response suppression (If-None-Match: *): receiver returns empty 304 Not Modified. Affects GET / HEAD.
Crash DoS (Object.prototype.get / .set): every axios request fails synchronously with TypeError, not AxiosError, so handlers filtering on error.isAxiosError mishandle the failure.

Attack Flow

flowchart TD
    ROOT["Polluted Object.prototype<br/>via upstream gadget (e.g. lodash &lt;= 4.17.10 _.merge / CVE-2018-16487)<br/>axios &lt;= 1.15.2"]

    ROOT --> CLASS_A["A. Arbitrary HTTP Header Injection<br/>Polluted defaults.headers slot rides along on every outbound axios request"]
    ROOT --> CLASS_B["B. Crash DoS via Object.prototype.get / .set<br/>Polluted descriptor breaks Object.defineProperty in mergeConfig"]

    CLASS_A --> PRE_A["Precondition: header not set per-request by the app<br/>Injected via defaults.headers slot<br/>(common, delete, head, post, put, patch, query)"]

    PRE_A --> PA1["Response Suppression<br/>Trigger: common = {If-None-Match: *}<br/>Affects GET / HEAD"]
    PA1 --> SA1["DoS<br/>304 Not Modified empty"]

    PRE_A --> PA2["Server Hang<br/>Trigger: common = {Content-Length: 99999}<br/>Affects requests with body"]
    PA2 --> SA2["DoS<br/>connection hang"]

    PRE_A --> PA3["CL+TE Conflict<br/>Trigger: common = {Transfer-Encoding: chunked}<br/>Affects requests with body"]
    PA3 --> SA3["DoS<br/>400 Bad Request"]

    CLASS_B --> SB1["DoS<br/>TypeError: Getter / Setter must be a function<br/>Crashes every axios request, not only GET"]

    %% Styles
    style ROOT fill:#f87171,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff
    style CLASS_A fill:#fb923c,stroke:#9a3412,color:#fff
    style CLASS_B fill:#fb923c,stroke:#9a3412,color:#fff
    style PRE_A fill:#e2e8f0,stroke:#64748b,color:#1e293b
    style PA1 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000
    style PA2 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000
    style PA3 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000
    style SA1 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff
    style SA2 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff
    style SA3 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff
    style SB1 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff

Root Cause

Finding A. lib/utils.js:404-429's merge() creates result = {} at line 406. The dangerous-keys filter on lines 408-411 blocks the write side, but the read at line 414 (isPlainObject(result[targetKey])) still walks the prototype chain. When targetKey matches a polluted slot, result[targetKey] returns the polluted nested object, and the recursive merge(result[targetKey], val) on line 415 iterates that object's own keys via forEach and copies them as own properties into the new accumulator. Those keys flow through mergeConfig.js:35 → Axios.js:148 (utils.merge(headers.common, headers[config.method])) → Axios.js:155 (AxiosHeaders.concat(...)) → onto the wire via http.js:677 (headers: headers.toJSON()) → http.js:767 (transport.request(options, ...)).

Finding B. lib/core/mergeConfig.js:25 correctly makes config = Object.create(null), but the descriptor passed on line 26 is a plain-object literal - its get/set lookups walk Object.prototype. A polluted non-function Object.prototype.get or .set makes Object.defineProperty throw TypeError: Getter must be a function (or Setter must be a function) before the call returns. The descriptor is built unconditionally on every mergeConfig invocation, so every axios request throws - POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, HEAD, QUERY, not only GET.

Suggested Fix

Use null-prototype objects in place of the plain-object literals at lib/utils.js:406 and lib/core/mergeConfig.js:26-31. The same descriptor pattern recurs at lib/core/AxiosError.js:37, lib/core/AxiosHeaders.js:100, lib/utils.js:447/454/492/498, and lib/adapters/adapters.js:28/32.

Resources

CVE-2018-16487 - lodash.merge prototype pollution in lodash <= 4.17.10
CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L

Show details on source website

JSON

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "axios"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.16.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.31.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "axios"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.32.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44490"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1321"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-29T15:54:57Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-11T17:16:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\naxios `1.15.2` exposes two read-side prototype-pollution gadgets. When `Object.prototype` is polluted by an upstream dependency in the same process (e.g. lodash `_.merge` / [CVE-2018-16487](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16487)), axios silently picks up the polluted values:\n\n1. **Header injection** - `lib/utils.js` line 406 builds `merge()`\u0027s accumulator as `result = {}`, so `result[targetKey]` (line 414) walks `Object.prototype` and the polluted bucket\u0027s own keys are copied into the merged headers and ride out on the wire.\n2. **Crash DoS** - `lib/core/mergeConfig.js` line 26 builds the `hasOwnProperty` descriptor as a plain-object literal. `Object.defineProperty` reads `descriptor.get`/`descriptor.set` via the prototype chain, so a polluted `Object.prototype.get` or `Object.prototype.set` makes the call throw `TypeError` synchronously on every axios request.\n\n## Affected Properties\n\n| Polluted slot | Effect |\n|---|---|\n| `Object.prototype.common` | injects headers on every method |\n| `Object.prototype.delete` / `.head` / `.post` / `.put` / `.patch` / `.query` | injects headers on the matching method |\n| `Object.prototype.get` | every axios request throws `TypeError: Getter must be a function` from `mergeConfig.js:26` |\n| `Object.prototype.set` | every axios request throws `TypeError: Setter must be a function` from `mergeConfig.js:26` |\n\nPer-request headers (`axios.request(url, { headers: {...} })`) overwrite polluted entries. Polluting `Object.prototype.get` triggers the crash before any header is built.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n```javascript\nconst axios = require(\u0027axios\u0027);\n\n// Finding A - header injection\nObject.prototype.common = { \u0027X-Poisoned\u0027: \u0027yes\u0027 };\nawait axios.get(\u0027http://api.example.com/users\u0027);\n// Wire request carries `X-Poisoned: yes`.\n\n// Finding B - crash DoS\nObject.prototype.get = { something: \u0027anything\u0027 };\nawait axios.get(\u0027http://api.example.com/users\u0027);\n// TypeError: Getter must be a function: #\u003cObject\u003e\n//     at Function.defineProperty (\u003canonymous\u003e)\n//     at mergeConfig (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:26:10)\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Server hang** (`Content-Length: 99999`): receiver waits for a body that never arrives. Affects requests with a body.\n- **CL+TE conflict** (`Transfer-Encoding: chunked` rides alongside axios\u0027s auto `Content-Length`): receiver rejects with `400 Bad Request`. Affects requests with a body.\n- **Response suppression** (`If-None-Match: *`): receiver returns empty `304 Not Modified`. Affects GET / HEAD.\n- **Crash DoS** (`Object.prototype.get` / `.set`): every axios request fails synchronously with `TypeError`, not `AxiosError`, so handlers filtering on `error.isAxiosError` mishandle the failure.\n\n## Attack Flow\n\n```mermaid\nflowchart TD\n    ROOT[\"Polluted Object.prototype\u003cbr/\u003evia upstream gadget (e.g. lodash \u0026lt;= 4.17.10 _.merge / CVE-2018-16487)\u003cbr/\u003eaxios \u0026lt;= 1.15.2\"]\n\n    ROOT --\u003e CLASS_A[\"A. Arbitrary HTTP Header Injection\u003cbr/\u003ePolluted defaults.headers slot rides along on every outbound axios request\"]\n    ROOT --\u003e CLASS_B[\"B. Crash DoS via Object.prototype.get / .set\u003cbr/\u003ePolluted descriptor breaks Object.defineProperty in mergeConfig\"]\n\n    CLASS_A --\u003e PRE_A[\"Precondition: header not set per-request by the app\u003cbr/\u003eInjected via defaults.headers slot\u003cbr/\u003e(common, delete, head, post, put, patch, query)\"]\n\n    PRE_A --\u003e PA1[\"Response Suppression\u003cbr/\u003eTrigger: common = {If-None-Match: *}\u003cbr/\u003eAffects GET / HEAD\"]\n    PA1 --\u003e SA1[\"DoS\u003cbr/\u003e304 Not Modified empty\"]\n\n    PRE_A --\u003e PA2[\"Server Hang\u003cbr/\u003eTrigger: common = {Content-Length: 99999}\u003cbr/\u003eAffects requests with body\"]\n    PA2 --\u003e SA2[\"DoS\u003cbr/\u003econnection hang\"]\n\n    PRE_A --\u003e PA3[\"CL+TE Conflict\u003cbr/\u003eTrigger: common = {Transfer-Encoding: chunked}\u003cbr/\u003eAffects requests with body\"]\n    PA3 --\u003e SA3[\"DoS\u003cbr/\u003e400 Bad Request\"]\n\n    CLASS_B --\u003e SB1[\"DoS\u003cbr/\u003eTypeError: Getter / Setter must be a function\u003cbr/\u003eCrashes every axios request, not only GET\"]\n\n    %% Styles\n    style ROOT fill:#f87171,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff\n    style CLASS_A fill:#fb923c,stroke:#9a3412,color:#fff\n    style CLASS_B fill:#fb923c,stroke:#9a3412,color:#fff\n    style PRE_A fill:#e2e8f0,stroke:#64748b,color:#1e293b\n    style PA1 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000\n    style PA2 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000\n    style PA3 fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000\n    style SA1 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff\n    style SA2 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff\n    style SA3 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff\n    style SB1 fill:#ef4444,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff\n```\n\n## Root Cause\n\n**Finding A.** `lib/utils.js:404-429`\u0027s `merge()` creates `result = {}` at line 406. The dangerous-keys filter on lines 408-411 blocks the write side, but the read at line 414 (`isPlainObject(result[targetKey])`) still walks the prototype chain. When `targetKey` matches a polluted slot, `result[targetKey]` returns the polluted nested object, and the recursive `merge(result[targetKey], val)` on line 415 iterates that object\u0027s own keys via `forEach` and copies them as own properties into the new accumulator. Those keys flow through `mergeConfig.js:35` \u2192 `Axios.js:148` (`utils.merge(headers.common, headers[config.method])`) \u2192 `Axios.js:155` (`AxiosHeaders.concat(...)`) \u2192 onto the wire via `http.js:677` (`headers: headers.toJSON()`) \u2192 `http.js:767` (`transport.request(options, ...)`).\n\n**Finding B.** `lib/core/mergeConfig.js:25` correctly makes `config = Object.create(null)`, but the descriptor passed on line 26 is a plain-object literal - its `get`/`set` lookups walk `Object.prototype`. A polluted non-function `Object.prototype.get` or `.set` makes `Object.defineProperty` throw `TypeError: Getter must be a function` (or `Setter must be a function`) before the call returns. The descriptor is built unconditionally on every `mergeConfig` invocation, so every axios request throws - POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, HEAD, QUERY, not only GET.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nUse null-prototype objects in place of the plain-object literals at `lib/utils.js:406` and `lib/core/mergeConfig.js:26-31`. The same descriptor pattern recurs at `lib/core/AxiosError.js:37`, `lib/core/AxiosHeaders.js:100`, `lib/utils.js:447/454/492/498`, and `lib/adapters/adapters.js:28/32`.\n\n## Resources\n\n- [CVE-2018-16487](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16487) - `lodash.merge` prototype pollution in `lodash \u003c= 4.17.10`\n- [CWE-1321](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1321.html) - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes",
  "id": "GHSA-898c-q2cr-xwhg",
  "modified": "2026-06-12T19:25:04Z",
  "published": "2026-05-29T15:54:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-898c-q2cr-xwhg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16487"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44490"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "axios has DoS \u0026 Header Injection via Prototype Pollution Read-Side Gadgets in axios merge functions"
}

CVE-2026-44490 (GCVE-0-2026-44490)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 15:36 – Updated: 2026-06-11 17:23

Title

Axios: DoS & Header Injection via Prototype Pollution Read-Side Gadgets in axios merge functions

Summary

Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 0.32.0 and 1.16.0, axios exposes two read-side prototype-pollution gadgets. When Object.prototype is polluted by an upstream dependency in the same process (e.g. lodash _.merge / CVE-2018-16487), axios silently picks up the polluted values. (1) lib/utils.js line 406 builds merge()'s accumulator as result = {}, so result[targetKey] (line 414) walks Object.prototype and the polluted bucket's own keys are copied into the merged headers and ride out on the wire. (2) lib/core/mergeConfig.js line 26 builds the hasOwnProperty descriptor as a plain-object literal. Object.defineProperty reads descriptor.get/descriptor.set via the prototype chain, so a polluted Object.prototype.get or Object.prototype.set makes the call throw TypeError synchronously on every axios request. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.32.0 and 1.16.0.

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-11 17:22 UTC

CWE

CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
axios	axios	Affected: >= 1.0.0, < 1.16.0 Affected: < 0.32.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
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        "metrics": [
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            "other": {
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                "id": "CVE-2026-44490",
                "options": [
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                    "Exploitation": "poc"
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                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-06-11T17:22:28.158626Z",
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        },
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            "tags": [
              "exploit"
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            "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-898c-q2cr-xwhg"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "axios",
          "vendor": "axios",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 1.0.0, \u003c 1.16.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 0.32.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 0.32.0 and 1.16.0, axios exposes two read-side prototype-pollution gadgets. When Object.prototype is polluted by an upstream dependency in the same process (e.g. lodash _.merge / CVE-2018-16487), axios silently picks up the polluted values. (1) lib/utils.js line 406 builds merge()\u0027s accumulator as result = {}, so result[targetKey] (line 414) walks Object.prototype and the polluted bucket\u0027s own keys are copied into the merged headers and ride out on the wire. (2) lib/core/mergeConfig.js line 26 builds the hasOwnProperty descriptor as a plain-object literal. Object.defineProperty reads descriptor.get/descriptor.set via the prototype chain, so a polluted Object.prototype.get or Object.prototype.set makes the call throw TypeError synchronously on every axios request. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.32.0 and 1.16.0."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 4.8,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-1321",
              "description": "CWE-1321: Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes (\u0027Prototype Pollution\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
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      ],
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      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-898c-q2cr-xwhg",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Axios: DoS \u0026 Header Injection via Prototype Pollution Read-Side Gadgets in axios merge functions"
    }
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  "cveMetadata": {
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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

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Action not permitted

GHSA-898C-Q2CR-XWHG

Summary

Affected Properties

Proof of Concept

Impact

Attack Flow

Root Cause

Suggested Fix

Resources

CVE-2026-44490 (GCVE-0-2026-44490)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour