Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2025-39965

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-10-13 14:15 - Updated: 2026-10-19 21:10

Severity

7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
5.5 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI x->id.spi == 0 means "no SPI assigned", but since commit 94f39804d891 ("xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling"), we now create states and add them to the byspi list with this value. __xfrm_state_delete doesn't remove those states from the byspi list, since they shouldn't be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next time we go through the byspi list.

References

URL	Tags
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9	Patch

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"
          ],
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            },
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              "version": "29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.15.11",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
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          "product": "Linux",
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          ],
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          "versions": [
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              "version": "6.6.103",
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            },
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.12.43",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.16.2",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
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          "negate": false,
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        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI\n\nx-\u003eid.spi == 0 means \"no SPI assigned\", but since commit\n94f39804d891 (\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\"), we now create states\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn\u0027t remove those states from the byspi list,\nsince they shouldn\u0027t be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\ntime we go through the byspi list."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "En el kernel de Linux, la siguiente vulnerabilidad ha sido resuelta:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi no deber\u00eda usar 0 como SPI\n\nx-\u003eid.spi == 0 significa \u0027no hay SPI asignado\u0027, pero desde el commit 94f39804d891 (\u0027xfrm: Manejo de SPI Duplicado\u0027), ahora creamos estados y los a\u00f1adimos a la lista byspi con este valor.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete no elimina esos estados de la lista byspi, ya que no deber\u00edan estar all\u00ed, y esto se manifiesta como un UAF la pr\u00f3xima vez que recorramos la lista byspi."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-39965",
  "lastModified": "2026-10-19T21:10:00.160",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.8,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
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        "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "type": "Secondary"
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          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 5.5,
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          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
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        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
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        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
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          "options": [
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            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "total"
            }
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          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
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  "published": "2025-10-13T14:15:34.910",
  "references": [
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      "tags": [
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    },
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    },
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    },
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  "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"
        }
      ],
      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2025-39965 (GCVE-0-2025-39965)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-13 13:48 – Updated: 2026-10-15 22:02

Title

xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI

Summary

Severity

7.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-10-15 21:55 UTC

Assigner

Linux CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 7034 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f71…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c4…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db5…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: 3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544 , < 0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146 (git) Affected: 2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38 , < 9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8 (git) Affected: 29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe , < a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7 (git) Affected: 94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299 , < cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9 (git) Affected: c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47 (git) Affected: 6.15.11 , < 6.16 (semver)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 6.6.103 , < 6.6.109 (semver) Affected: 6.12.43 , < 6.12.50 (semver) Affected: 6.16.2 , < 6.16.10 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-39965",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"
          ],
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            {
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              "version": "29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
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              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.16",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.15.11",
              "versionType": "semver"
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          ]
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI\n\nx-\u003eid.spi == 0 means \"no SPI assigned\", but since commit\n94f39804d891 (\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\"), we now create states\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn\u0027t remove those states from the byspi list,\nsince they shouldn\u0027t be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\ntime we go through the byspi list."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
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            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
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            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through the XFRM_MSG_ALLOCSPI message on a NETLINK_XFRM socket, which requires local system access. Although the dangling byspi entry can subsequently be dereferenced by a received ESP/AH packet, creating the SPI-0 state requires the local netlink path.\nAC:L - The attacker deterministically triggers the bug by requesting min=max=0, which verify_spi_info() accepts, then deleting the state via DELSA/FLUSHSA; there is no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default config beyond ubiquitous CONFIG_XFRM_USER.\nPR:L - xfrm_user_rcv_msg() gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the net namespace\u0027s user_ns, so any unprivileged user obtains it via \"unshare -Urn\". This is Low, not High.\nUI:N - The full sequence \u2014 allocate SPI 0, delete the state, re-walk the byspi hash \u2014 is performed entirely by the attacker\u0027s own process with no victim action required.\nS:U - The freed xfrm_state and the corrupted hash list both live in the kernel\u0027s own security authority; this is standard kernel memory corruption with no VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary crossed.\nC:H - The dangling xfrm_state remains in a global RCU hash and is read back and returned as a live SA, so a reclaimed object leaks adjacent heap contents and crypto/key state, and the UAF can be escalated into an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Walkers perform refcount_inc_not_zero on the freed object (a write to freed memory) and then use it as a live SA whose type/mode function-pointer fields the attacker can control by re-spraying the xfrm_state slab, yielding control-flow hijack and arbitrary write.\nA:H - Dereferencing the freed state during byspi traversal, hash resize, or netns teardown (WARN_ON(!hlist_empty())) reliably produces a KASAN-detected use-after-free, list corruption, and kernel panic."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:06:34.191Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9"
        }
      ],
      "title": "xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-39965",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-13T13:48:31.033Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.149Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

Order JSON

Publication & reservation Sightings KEV catalogs Other timestamps

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

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