Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2024-57945

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-01-21 13:15 - Updated: 2026-08-04 11:22

Severity

7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: riscv: mm: Fix the out of bound issue of vmemmap address In sparse vmemmap model, the virtual address of vmemmap is calculated as: ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - (phys_ram_base >> PAGE_SHIFT)). And the struct page's va can be calculated with an offset: (vmemmap + (pfn)). However, when initializing struct pages, kernel actually starts from the first page from the same section that phys_ram_base belongs to. If the first page's physical address is not (phys_ram_base >> PAGE_SHIFT), then we get an va below VMEMMAP_START when calculating va for it's struct page. For example, if phys_ram_base starts from 0x82000000 with pfn 0x82000, the first page in the same section is actually pfn 0x80000. During init_unavailable_range(), we will initialize struct page for pfn 0x80000 with virtual address ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - 0x2000), which is below VMEMMAP_START as well as PCI_IO_END. This commit fixes this bug by introducing a new variable 'vmemmap_start_pfn' which is aligned with memory section size and using it to calculate vmemmap address instead of phys_ram_base.

References

URL	Tags
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04350304428063da6a55a8a4597d409dc69148b2
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/92f08673d3f1893191323572f60e3c62f2e57c2f	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4a7ac3d266008018f05fae53060fcb331151a14	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2bd51954ac8377c2f1eb1813e694788998add66	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f754f27e98f88428aaf6be6e00f5cbce97f62d4b	Patch
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	6.8
linux	linux_kernel	6.8
linux	linux_kernel	6.13
linux	linux_kernel	6.13
linux	linux_kernel	6.13
linux	linux_kernel	6.13
linux	linux_kernel	6.13
linux	linux_kernel	6.13

JSON

To clipboard

{
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          "vendor": "Linux",
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              "version": "6.8"
            },
            {
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              "version": "0",
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.10",
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              "version": "6.13",
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        }
      ],
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
    }
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  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nriscv: mm: Fix the out of bound issue of vmemmap address\n\nIn sparse vmemmap model, the virtual address of vmemmap is calculated as:\n((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - (phys_ram_base \u003e\u003e PAGE_SHIFT)).\nAnd the struct page\u0027s va can be calculated with an offset:\n(vmemmap + (pfn)).\n\nHowever, when initializing struct pages, kernel actually starts from the\nfirst page from the same section that phys_ram_base belongs to. If the\nfirst page\u0027s physical address is not (phys_ram_base \u003e\u003e PAGE_SHIFT), then\nwe get an va below VMEMMAP_START when calculating va for it\u0027s struct page.\n\nFor example, if phys_ram_base starts from 0x82000000 with pfn 0x82000, the\nfirst page in the same section is actually pfn 0x80000. During\ninit_unavailable_range(), we will initialize struct page for pfn 0x80000\nwith virtual address ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - 0x2000), which is\nbelow VMEMMAP_START as well as PCI_IO_END.\n\nThis commit fixes this bug by introducing a new variable\n\u0027vmemmap_start_pfn\u0027 which is aligned with memory section size and using\nit to calculate vmemmap address instead of phys_ram_base."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: riscv: mm: Corrige el problema de salida de l\u00edmites de la direcci\u00f3n vmemmap En el modelo vmemmap disperso, la direcci\u00f3n virtual de vmemmap se calcula como: ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - (phys_ram_base \u0026gt;\u0026gt; PAGE_SHIFT)). Y la va de la p\u00e1gina de estructura se puede calcular con un desplazamiento: (vmemmap + (pfn)). Sin embargo, al inicializar las p\u00e1ginas de estructura, el kernel en realidad comienza desde la primera p\u00e1gina de la misma secci\u00f3n a la que pertenece phys_ram_base. Si la direcci\u00f3n f\u00edsica de la primera p\u00e1gina no es (phys_ram_base \u0026gt;\u0026gt; PAGE_SHIFT), obtenemos una va por debajo de VMEMMAP_START al calcular la va para su p\u00e1gina de estructura. Por ejemplo, si phys_ram_base comienza desde 0x82000000 con pfn 0x82000, la primera p\u00e1gina en la misma secci\u00f3n es en realidad pfn 0x80000. Durante init_unavailable_range(), inicializaremos struct page para pfn 0x80000 con direcci\u00f3n virtual ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - 0x2000), que est\u00e1 debajo de VMEMMAP_START y PCI_IO_END. Esta confirmaci\u00f3n corrige este error al introducir una nueva variable \u0027vmemmap_start_pfn\u0027 que est\u00e1 alineada con el tama\u00f1o de la secci\u00f3n de memoria y la usa para calcular la direcci\u00f3n vmemmap en lugar de phys_ram_base."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2024-57945",
  "lastModified": "2026-08-04T11:22:32.510",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.8,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
        "impactScore": 5.9,
        "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "type": "Secondary"
      },
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.1,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
        "impactScore": 5.2,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-01-21T13:15:09.033",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04350304428063da6a55a8a4597d409dc69148b2"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/92f08673d3f1893191323572f60e3c62f2e57c2f"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4a7ac3d266008018f05fae53060fcb331151a14"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2bd51954ac8377c2f1eb1813e694788998add66"
    },
    {
      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f754f27e98f88428aaf6be6e00f5cbce97f62d4b"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-125"
        }
      ],
      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2024-57945 (GCVE-0-2024-57945)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-21 12:18 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:47

Title

riscv: mm: Fix the out of bound issue of vmemmap address

Summary

Severity

7.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Assigner

Linux CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 7018 records in the last 180 days details

References

6 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04350304428063da6…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/92f08673d3f189319…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4a7ac3d266008018…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2bd51954ac8377c2…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f754f27e98f88428a…
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: 8af1c121b0102041809bc137ec600d1865eaeedd , < 04350304428063da6a55a8a4597d409dc69148b2 (git) Affected: 8310080799b40fd9f2a8b808c657269678c149af , < 92f08673d3f1893191323572f60e3c62f2e57c2f (git) Affected: a278d5c60f21aa15d540abb2f2da6e6d795c3e6e , < a4a7ac3d266008018f05fae53060fcb331151a14 (git) Affected: a11dd49dcb9376776193e15641f84fcc1e5980c9 , < d2bd51954ac8377c2f1eb1813e694788998add66 (git) Affected: a11dd49dcb9376776193e15641f84fcc1e5980c9 , < f754f27e98f88428aaf6be6e00f5cbce97f62d4b (git) Affected: 5941a90c55d3bfba732b32208d58d997600b44ef (git) Affected: 2a1728c15ec4f45ed9248ae22f626541c179bfbe (git) Affected: 5.10.212 , < 5.10.258 (semver) Affected: 6.1.81 , < 6.1.140 (semver) Affected: 6.6.21 , < 6.6.72 (semver) Affected: 5.15.151 , < 5.16 (semver) Affected: 6.7.9 , < 6.8 (semver)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 6.8 Unaffected: 0 , < 6.8 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.258 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.140 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.72 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.10 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:32:46.584Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h",
            "arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h",
            "arch/riscv/mm/init.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "04350304428063da6a55a8a4597d409dc69148b2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "8af1c121b0102041809bc137ec600d1865eaeedd",
              "versionType": "git"
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              "lessThan": "92f08673d3f1893191323572f60e3c62f2e57c2f",
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            },
            {
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              "versionType": "git"
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.1.81",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.6.72",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.6.21",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.16",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5.15.151",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.7.9",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h",
            "arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h",
            "arch/riscv/mm/init.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.8"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.8",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.10.258",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.140",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.72",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.10",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.13",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.258",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.10.212",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.140",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.81",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.72",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.21",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.10",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.8",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.13",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.8",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.15.151",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.7.9",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nriscv: mm: Fix the out of bound issue of vmemmap address\n\nIn sparse vmemmap model, the virtual address of vmemmap is calculated as:\n((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - (phys_ram_base \u003e\u003e PAGE_SHIFT)).\nAnd the struct page\u0027s va can be calculated with an offset:\n(vmemmap + (pfn)).\n\nHowever, when initializing struct pages, kernel actually starts from the\nfirst page from the same section that phys_ram_base belongs to. If the\nfirst page\u0027s physical address is not (phys_ram_base \u003e\u003e PAGE_SHIFT), then\nwe get an va below VMEMMAP_START when calculating va for it\u0027s struct page.\n\nFor example, if phys_ram_base starts from 0x82000000 with pfn 0x82000, the\nfirst page in the same section is actually pfn 0x80000. During\ninit_unavailable_range(), we will initialize struct page for pfn 0x80000\nwith virtual address ((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - 0x2000), which is\nbelow VMEMMAP_START as well as PCI_IO_END.\n\nThis commit fixes this bug by introducing a new variable\n\u0027vmemmap_start_pfn\u0027 which is aligned with memory section size and using\nit to calculate vmemmap address instead of phys_ram_base."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The defect is in RISC-V early boot memory management (`setup_bootmem()`/`sparse_init()`/`init_unavailable_range()`), reachable only through operation of the local system; no network, adjacent-network, or remote-peer data path exists to arch/riscv/mm/init.c. Local is scored over Physical because the corrupted state is present on every boot of an affected board without any physical device interaction.\nAC:L - On an affected system (DRAM base not aligned to the 128 MB `SECTION_SIZE_BITS==27` boundary, e.g. 0x82000000), the out-of-bounds PMD mapping and the struct page writes into the PCI I/O window occur deterministically on every single boot \u2014 there is no race, no memory-layout lottery, and no timing window to win.\nPR:L - The flawed mapping is created during boot with no privileges involved at all, and any local unprivileged user then runs on a system whose PCI I/O virtual window is already aliased onto the struct page array; no authentication, capability, or namespace gate protects the resulting state.\nUI:N - No victim action of any kind is required \u2014 the out-of-bounds vmemmap base is computed and the struct pages are written by `sparse_init()`/`free_area_init()` before userspace exists.\nS:U - The out-of-bounds writes, the aliased PCI I/O mappings, and the resulting panic are all inside the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU/DMA, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Kernel struct page data (page flags, node/zone identifiers, and mapping/lru pointers containing kernel addresses) is written into the PCI I/O port VA window, so I/O port reads in that range return kernel memory contents, and the reverse aliasing makes device register values readable as page metadata \u2014 an unbounded out-of-bounds read/disclosure primitive across ~2 MB.\nI:H - This is a genuine out-of-bounds write: up to 2 MB of struct page state is written below `VMEMMAP_START` into the PCI I/O region, and where a PCI I/O mapping wins the overlap, subsequent kernel writes to those `struct page` fields become writes to device registers while page metadata itself is corrupted with device-supplied values.\nA:H - If a host bridge\u0027s I/O resource overlaps the stolen top 2 MB, `pci_remap_iospace()` \u2192 `vmap_pte_range()` hits the `BUG()` on the already-populated PTE, panicking the kernel during PCI probe; corrupted page metadata from aliased MMIO reads likewise oopses the page allocator."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:47:00.906Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04350304428063da6a55a8a4597d409dc69148b2"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/92f08673d3f1893191323572f60e3c62f2e57c2f"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4a7ac3d266008018f05fae53060fcb331151a14"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2bd51954ac8377c2f1eb1813e694788998add66"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f754f27e98f88428aaf6be6e00f5cbce97f62d4b"
        }
      ],
      "title": "riscv: mm: Fix the out of bound issue of vmemmap address",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2024-57945",
    "datePublished": "2025-01-21T12:18:12.548Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-01-19T11:50:08.380Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:47:00.906Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

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Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Vulnerability timeline

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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