{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/iommu/iommufd/pages.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "176f36a376c417b58d19f79edfce20db9317eaa2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "f394576eb11dbcd3a740fa41e577b97f0720d26e",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "b7c822fa6b7701b17e139f1c562fc24135880ed4",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "f394576eb11dbcd3a740fa41e577b97f0720d26e",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/iommu/iommufd/pages.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.2"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.2",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.4.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.4.8",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.5",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.4.8",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.2",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.5",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.2",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\niommufd: Set end correctly when doing batch carry\n\nEven though the test suite covers this it somehow became obscured that\nthis wasn\u0027t working.\n\nThe test iommufd_ioas.mock_domain.access_domain_destory would blow up\nrarely.\n\nend should be set to 1 because this just pushed an item, the carry, to the\npfns list.\n\nSometimes the test would blow up with:\n\n  BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000\n  #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode\n  #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page\n  PGD 0 P4D 0\n  Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP\n  CPU: 5 PID: 584 Comm: iommufd Not tainted 6.5.0-rc1-dirty #1236\n  Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.13.0-0-gf21b5a4aeb02-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\n  RIP: 0010:batch_unpin+0xa2/0x100 [iommufd]\n  Code: 17 48 81 fe ff ff 07 00 77 70 48 8b 15 b7 be 97 e2 48 85 d2 74 14 48 8b 14 fa 48 85 d2 74 0b 40 0f b6 f6 48 c1 e6 04 48 01 f2 \u003c48\u003e 8b 3a 48 c1 e0 06 89 ca 48 89 de 48 83 e7 f0 48 01 c7 e8 96 dc\n  RSP: 0018:ffffc90001677a58 EFLAGS: 00010246\n  RAX: 00007f7e2646f000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000000000001\n  RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00000000fefc4c8d RDI: 0000000000fefc4c\n  RBP: ffffc90001677a80 R08: 0000000000000048 R09: 0000000000000200\n  R10: 0000000000030b98 R11: ffffffff81f3bb40 R12: 0000000000000001\n  R13: ffff888101f75800 R14: ffffc90001677ad0 R15: 00000000000001fe\n  FS:  00007f9323679740(0000) GS:ffff8881ba540000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\n  CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\n  CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 0000000105ede003 CR4: 00000000003706a0\n  DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\n  DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\n  Call Trace:\n   \u003cTASK\u003e\n   ? show_regs+0x5c/0x70\n   ? __die+0x1f/0x60\n   ? page_fault_oops+0x15d/0x440\n   ? lock_release+0xbc/0x240\n   ? exc_page_fault+0x4a4/0x970\n   ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x27/0x30\n   ? batch_unpin+0xa2/0x100 [iommufd]\n   ? batch_unpin+0xba/0x100 [iommufd]\n   __iopt_area_unfill_domain+0x198/0x430 [iommufd]\n   ? __mutex_lock+0x8c/0xb80\n   ? __mutex_lock+0x6aa/0xb80\n   ? xa_erase+0x28/0x30\n   ? iopt_table_remove_domain+0x162/0x320 [iommufd]\n   ? lock_release+0xbc/0x240\n   iopt_area_unfill_domain+0xd/0x10 [iommufd]\n   iopt_table_remove_domain+0x195/0x320 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy+0xb3/0x110 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_object_destroy_user+0x8e/0xf0 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_device_detach+0xc5/0x140 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_selftest_destroy+0x1f/0x70 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_object_destroy_user+0x8e/0xf0 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_destroy+0x3a/0x50 [iommufd]\n   iommufd_fops_ioctl+0xfb/0x170 [iommufd]\n   __x64_sys_ioctl+0x40d/0x9a0\n   do_syscall_64+0x3c/0x80\n   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x46/0xb0"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable code is reached through ioctls on the /dev/iommu (or /dev/vfio/vfio compat) character device \u2014 IOMMU_IOAS_MAP/COPY/UNMAP and object destroy paths, as shown by the `__x64_sys_ioctl -\u003e iommufd_fops_ioctl` call trace. No network or physical access is involved.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls every precondition: hugepage-backed source memory for the contiguous PFN run, the overlapping area layout via IOMMU_IOAS_COPY, and the exact unmap offset that lands the hole/used boundary mid-run. Once the layout is arranged the `end=0` desynchronization and the resulting over-walk in batch_unpin() are deterministic; only the severity of the resulting garbage varies.\nPR:L - iommufd_fops_open() and the ioctl dispatcher perform no capability check whatsoever \u2014 access is gated only by permissions on /dev/iommu, which are routinely granted to unprivileged service accounts (qemu/libvirt for device passthrough, DPDK/SPDK users). An unprivileged local user with that device access can drive the entire path.\nUI:N - The full sequence \u2014 map, copy, attach, unmap/destroy \u2014 is performed by the attacker\u0027s own process with no victim action required.\nS:C - This breaks the invariant the code explicitly documents (\"For security we must not unpin something that is still DMA mapped\"): pages still mapped into a live IOMMU domain get their refcount dropped, so they can be freed and reallocated while an assigned device \u2014 programmed by a guest VM or by VFIO userspace \u2014 retains DMA access to them. That is an IOMMU/DMA boundary bypass reaching resources beyond iommufd\u0027s security authority.\nC:H - batch_unpin() walks past `end` with no bound check, reading adjacent kernel stack (the on-stack `u64 backup[32]` array) as PFNs, and the resulting refcount underflow frees pages that remain IOMMU-mapped and are then reallocated to arbitrary consumers \u2014 giving a device or attacker read access to reused kernel/user memory.\nI:H - The over-walk performs unpin_user_page_range_dirty_lock() and set_page_dirty on attacker-influenced wild struct page pointers, yielding an arbitrary refcount-decrement primitive plus premature page free (use-after-free) \u2014 a well-known route to heap grooming, arbitrary write and privilege escalation. The inflated index also drives iommu_unmap() over IOVA ranges beyond the intended area.\nA:H - The commit message documents a reproducible NULL pointer dereference oops in batch_unpin+0xa2 during iommufd_hw_pagetable_destroy, on a non-failable destroy path that holds pages-\u003emutex, so the crash also wedges other iommufd users. Any use-after-free from the refcount underflow crashes the kernel as well."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:16:49.139Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/176f36a376c417b58d19f79edfce20db9317eaa2"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b7c822fa6b7701b17e139f1c562fc24135880ed4"
        }
      ],
      "title": "iommufd: Set end correctly when doing batch carry",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-54060",
    "datePublished": "2025-12-24T12:23:07.276Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-12-24T12:21:05.091Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:16:49.139Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}