CVE-2026-98023 (GCVE-0-2026-98023)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 10:23 – Updated: 2026-10-19 09:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
vxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
vxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id
The commit cited in the Fixes tag allowed VXLAN FDB entries to point to
FDB nexthops so that overlay traffic could be load balanced across
multiple VTEPs. Such entries can only be configured from user space,
cannot be learned and cannot roam. They only make sense with a user space
control plane such as E-VPN where data plane learning is disabled.
Despite that, the VXLAN driver does not currently prevent such entries
from being configured with the "dynamic" flag. The per-nexthop FDB list
is only protected by the per-device hash lock, which is not sufficient
when two VXLAN devices point to the same FDB nexthop and therefore share
the list. Aging runs in softirq context without RTNL, so an entry deleted
by one device can race with an addition or deletion from the other,
leading to list corruption:
list_del corruption. next->prev should be ffff8881069d9548, but was
dead000000000122. (next=ffff8881069d9448)
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 90 at lib/list_debug.c:65
__list_del_entry_valid_or_report+0x1aa/0x210
...
vxlan_fdb_destroy+0x5b8/0xad0
vxlan_cleanup+0x328/0x450
call_timer_fn+0x2a/0x1c0
run_timer_softirq+0x18c/0x210
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in vxlan_fdb_destroy
Fix this by rejecting the bogus configuration of dynamic FDB entries that
point to FDB nexthops, both when created and when an existing entry is
updated. As such, the per-nexthop FDB list is only ever mutated under the
RTNL lock. Add test cases to make sure that this does not regress in the
future.
Severity
7.8 (High)
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 00c7f4b8144e535ffb931ad45942a1bd1315b882
(git)
Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 55a33882808f1402052d53a08ead59aff8af18a1 (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < c8f29af91e0830fdabc9aa1eb1a0f898ce1bc603 (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < b2a8e165ddb6cd72176890b2954c52b0f6dbce1a (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 28f86eec851b7406a4bc6143f82aeba2882d9842 (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 53359916ceb649b7e6947c8c2f669368a41c1354 (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 3fa64d86fc64eda104e3e97721a12a42a2fd2073 (git) Affected: 1274e1cc42264d4e629841e4f182795cb0becfd2 , < 98fc57d167446b95b4e719815fe79edef93f8e7a (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
5.8
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.8 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.271 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.222 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.189 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.158 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.111 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.53 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.2.7 , ≤ 7.2.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.3 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed |
{
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"programFiles": [
"drivers/net/vxlan/vxlan_core.c",
"tools/testing/selftests/net/fib_nexthops.sh"
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{
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"version": "5.15.222",
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},
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.1.189",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
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"version": "6.6.158",
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},
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.111",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.18.53",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.2.7",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.3",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
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"nodes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nvxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id\n\nThe commit cited in the Fixes tag allowed VXLAN FDB entries to point to\nFDB nexthops so that overlay traffic could be load balanced across\nmultiple VTEPs. Such entries can only be configured from user space,\ncannot be learned and cannot roam. They only make sense with a user space\ncontrol plane such as E-VPN where data plane learning is disabled.\n\nDespite that, the VXLAN driver does not currently prevent such entries\nfrom being configured with the \"dynamic\" flag. The per-nexthop FDB list\nis only protected by the per-device hash lock, which is not sufficient\nwhen two VXLAN devices point to the same FDB nexthop and therefore share\nthe list. Aging runs in softirq context without RTNL, so an entry deleted\nby one device can race with an addition or deletion from the other,\nleading to list corruption:\n\n list_del corruption. next-\u003eprev should be ffff8881069d9548, but was\n dead000000000122. (next=ffff8881069d9448)\n WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 90 at lib/list_debug.c:65\n __list_del_entry_valid_or_report+0x1aa/0x210\n ...\n vxlan_fdb_destroy+0x5b8/0xad0\n vxlan_cleanup+0x328/0x450\n call_timer_fn+0x2a/0x1c0\n run_timer_softirq+0x18c/0x210\n BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in vxlan_fdb_destroy\n\nFix this by rejecting the bogus configuration of dynamic FDB entries that\npoint to FDB nexthops, both when created and when an existing entry is\nupdated. As such, the per-nexthop FDB list is only ever mutated under the\nRTNL lock. Add test cases to make sure that this does not regress in the\nfuture."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - The bad state is a dynamic VXLAN FDB entry referencing an FDB nexthop id, installed via local rtnetlink RTM_NEWNEIGH -\u003e rtnl_fdb_add -\u003e vxlan_fdb_add (with RTM_NEWNEXTHOP/RTM_NEWLINK setup). Nexthop FDB entries are never learned from received packets, so no remote peer supplies the input.\nAC:L - The attacker creates both vxlan devices sharing one nexthop group, sets a short ageing interval, and races vxlan_cleanup() timer-driven vxlan_fdb_destroy() on one device against fdb add/delete on the other; they control both sides and can retry in a loop.\nPR:L - rtnetlink_rcv_msg only requires netlink_net_capable(CAP_NET_ADMIN) in the netns\u0027s user_ns, so an unprivileged user can create vxlan devices, nexthops and FDB entries inside an unshare -Urn namespace.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed; the attacker drives every netlink request and the ageing timer fires by itself.\nS:U - Corruption stays inside the kernel\u0027s own memory; this is a standard kernel privilege escalation or crash with no crossing into a separate security authority.\nC:H - Unsynchronized list_del_rcu/list_add_tail_rcu on the shared nh-\u003efdb_list corrupts the list and leaves pointers to vxlan_fdb objects freed by call_rcu (KASAN slab-use-after-free in vxlan_fdb_destroy), which can be groomed into a kernel read primitive.\nI:H - List unlink/link through dangling nh_list pointers writes to freed and reallocated slab objects, giving a heap write primitive that can be used for control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The race produces list_del corruption and use-after-free in vxlan_fdb_destroy from timer softirq, which crashes the kernel (BUG/oops/panic on panic_on_warn)."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T09:12:28.386Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/00c7f4b8144e535ffb931ad45942a1bd1315b882"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/55a33882808f1402052d53a08ead59aff8af18a1"
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c8f29af91e0830fdabc9aa1eb1a0f898ce1bc603"
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{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28f86eec851b7406a4bc6143f82aeba2882d9842"
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/53359916ceb649b7e6947c8c2f669368a41c1354"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3fa64d86fc64eda104e3e97721a12a42a2fd2073"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/98fc57d167446b95b4e719815fe79edef93f8e7a"
}
],
"title": "vxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-98023",
"datePublished": "2026-09-25T10:23:42.706Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-25T10:19:56.069Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T09:12:28.386Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2026-98023",
"date": "2026-11-15",
"epss": "0.00126",
"percentile": "0.02301"
},
"microsoft_vex": {
"current_release_date": "2026-10-21T18:41:13.000Z",
"cve": "CVE-2026-98023",
"id": "msrc_CVE-2026-98023",
"initial_release_date": "2026-09-27T23:55:16.000Z",
"product_status:fixed": "1",
"product_status:known_affected": "1",
"product_status:under_investigation": "1",
"source": "Microsoft CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "vxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2026/msrc_cve-2026-98023.json",
"version": "5"
},
"nvd": {
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"affected": [
{
"affectedData": [
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],
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"versions": [
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"version": "5.10.271",
"versionType": "semver"
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{
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"version": "5.15.222",
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},
{
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"version": "6.1.189",
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{
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"version": "6.6.158",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
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"version": "6.12.111",
"versionType": "semver"
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{
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"version": "6.18.53",
"versionType": "semver"
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"version": "7.2.7",
"versionType": "semver"
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"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}
],
"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nvxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id\n\nThe commit cited in the Fixes tag allowed VXLAN FDB entries to point to\nFDB nexthops so that overlay traffic could be load balanced across\nmultiple VTEPs. Such entries can only be configured from user space,\ncannot be learned and cannot roam. They only make sense with a user space\ncontrol plane such as E-VPN where data plane learning is disabled.\n\nDespite that, the VXLAN driver does not currently prevent such entries\nfrom being configured with the \"dynamic\" flag. The per-nexthop FDB list\nis only protected by the per-device hash lock, which is not sufficient\nwhen two VXLAN devices point to the same FDB nexthop and therefore share\nthe list. Aging runs in softirq context without RTNL, so an entry deleted\nby one device can race with an addition or deletion from the other,\nleading to list corruption:\n\n list_del corruption. next-\u003eprev should be ffff8881069d9548, but was\n dead000000000122. (next=ffff8881069d9448)\n WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 90 at lib/list_debug.c:65\n __list_del_entry_valid_or_report+0x1aa/0x210\n ...\n vxlan_fdb_destroy+0x5b8/0xad0\n vxlan_cleanup+0x328/0x450\n call_timer_fn+0x2a/0x1c0\n run_timer_softirq+0x18c/0x210\n BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in vxlan_fdb_destroy\n\nFix this by rejecting the bogus configuration of dynamic FDB entries that\npoint to FDB nexthops, both when created and when an existing entry is\nupdated. As such, the per-nexthop FDB list is only ever mutated under the\nRTNL lock. Add test cases to make sure that this does not regress in the\nfuture."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2026-98023",
"lastModified": "2026-10-19T10:17:56.200",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
"impactScore": 5.9,
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
},
"published": "2026-09-25T11:17:30.873",
"references": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/00c7f4b8144e535ffb931ad45942a1bd1315b882"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28f86eec851b7406a4bc6143f82aeba2882d9842"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3fa64d86fc64eda104e3e97721a12a42a2fd2073"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/53359916ceb649b7e6947c8c2f669368a41c1354"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/55a33882808f1402052d53a08ead59aff8af18a1"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/98fc57d167446b95b4e719815fe79edef93f8e7a"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b2a8e165ddb6cd72176890b2954c52b0f6dbce1a"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c8f29af91e0830fdabc9aa1eb1a0f898ce1bc603"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"vulnStatus": "Received"
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
"current_release_date": "2026-11-06T02:43:06+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2026-98023",
"id": "CVE-2026-98023",
"initial_release_date": "2026-09-25T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_affected": "112",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "91",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: vxlan: reject dynamic fdb entries that reference a nexthop id",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-98023.json",
"version": "3"
}
}
}
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Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
How durations are calculated
Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.
Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.