Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-42462 (GCVE-0-2026-42462)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 20:22 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:34

Title

Fedify has an LD-Signature Bypass via JSON-LD Named-Graph Restructuring

Summary

Fedify is a TypeScript library for building federated server apps powered by ActivityPub. Prior to versions 1.9.11, 1.10.10, 2.0.18, 2.1.14, and 2.2.3, an attacker can make use of JSON-LD features to restructure a JSON-LD document that would change how Fedify interprets it without changing its Linked Data Signature, allowing them to alter a third-party signed activity they have received. Versions 1.9.11, 1.10.10, 2.0.18, 2.1.14, and 2.2.3 fix the issue.

Severity

7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-06-11 13:31 UTC

CWE

CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
CWE-1289 - Improper Validation of Unsafe Equivalence in Input

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/releases/tag/2.2.3	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
fedify-dev	fedify	Affected: >= 2.2.0, < 2.2.3 Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 2.1.14 Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.0.18 Affected: >= 1.10.0, < 1.10.10 Affected: < 1.9.11	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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FKIE_CVE-2026-42462

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-06-10 22:16 - Updated: 2026-07-23 09:10

Severity

7.0 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/releases/tag/2.2.3
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/security/advisories/GHSA-9rfg-v8g9-9367

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "fedify",
          "vendor": "fedify-dev",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 2.2.0, \u003c 2.2.3"
            },
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            },
            {
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              "version": "\u003e= 2.0.0, \u003c 2.0.18"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 1.10.0, \u003c 1.10.10"
            },
            {
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    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "Fedify es una biblioteca TypeScript para construir aplicaciones de servidor federadas impulsadas por ActivityPub. Antes de las versiones 1.9.11, 1.10.10, 2.0.18, 2.1.14 y 2.2.3, un atacante puede hacer uso de las caracter\u00edsticas de JSON-LD para reestructurar un documento JSON-LD que cambiar\u00eda c\u00f3mo Fedify lo interpreta sin cambiar su Firma de Datos Enlazados, permiti\u00e9ndoles alterar una actividad firmada por terceros que hayan recibido. Las versiones 1.9.11, 1.10.10, 2.0.18, 2.1.14 y 2.2.3 solucionan el problema."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-42462",
  "lastModified": "2026-07-23T09:10:00.113",
  "metrics": {
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}

GHSA-9RFG-V8G9-9367

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 23:38 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:30

Summary

Fedify has an LD-Signature Bypass via JSON-LD Named-Graph Restructuring

Details

As told on Discord earlier, multiple projects are affected, and we would like to coordinate. For now, we are aiming at a May 6th release date, but this is not set in stone yet.

Summary

An attacker can make use of JSON-LD features to restructure a JSON-LD document that would change how Fedify interprets it without changing its Linked Data Signature, allowing them to alter a third-party signed activity they have received.

Details

The vulnerability essentially boils down to the signature being on the canonical RDF graph representation of the JSON-LD document, and JSON-LD offering many ways to represent the same graph.

One of the issues is that by taking a signed Activity with an embedded object, an attacker can move the top-level Activity to a @graph property and move the activity's object to the top-level. Such a transformation preserves the signature and changes how the payload is interpreted by pretty much all ActivityPub implementations, making them process the object and ignore the formely-top-level activity. This can be used when the graph contains an embedded activity. In Mastodon, that is the case of { "type": "Undo", "object": { "type": "Announce" } }, but other implementations may sign other activities that can be exploited in the same way.

The @reverse keyword can also be used to change the shape of a JSON-LD document without changing the underlying graph, and could be used in a similar way to reverse an Activity and its object.

Another problematic feature is @included, which can be used to “move” properties outside of the normal tree, effectively making them invisible to most ActivityPub implementations, while, again, preserving the signature. This allows removing statuses or actor properties once a signed Create or Update activity is received.

Given that we have seen no use of @graph, @included or @reverse in ActivityPub payloads and that they are very complex to handle correctly (the only JSON-LD API functions that “normalize” @included and @reverse are flattening and framing, which both lose the root node), we have decided to reject them, and recommend you do so as well.

Detection of @graph, @included and @reverse should happen after compacting the incoming activity to your context, as aliases can be used for those keywords.

Additionally, after a quick scan of Fedify's source code, I could not verify that JSON-LD documents with a verified Linked Data Signature were compacted against your local JSON-LD context. Not doing that allows an attacker to rename aliases to non-standard names and use non-mapped aliases to replace existing values, while still leaving the signature intact. This allows an attacker to essentially replace arbitrary portions of any signed JSON-LD document and completely forge any activity while still passing verification. A similar issue was fixed in Mastodon a few years ago: https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/pull/17426.

Impact

The impact is difficult to assess as this depends on the types of activities that are actually signed and processed in the wild.

The @included keyword allows “removing” arbitrary attributes, thus allowing replaying Create and Update activities while stripping away any attribute, such as content or metadata, which can lead to integrity and availability issues, although confidentiality issues are unlikely.

The @graph and @reverse keywords allow changing the root activity, which in the case of Mastodon allows sending an Announce from a Undo { Announce }, but might have wider consequences depending on what various servers sign.

The lack of compacting can allow rewriting any activity arbitrarily, thus leading to major integrity, availability, and possibly confidentiality issues (e.g. by replacing an actor's inbox).

Severity

7.0 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@fedify/fedify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@fedify/fedify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@fedify/fedify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.18"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@fedify/fedify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.10.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.10.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@fedify/fedify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.9.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42462"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1289",
      "CWE-180",
      "CWE-347",
      "CWE-436"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-26T23:38:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-10T22:16:57Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "As told on Discord earlier, multiple projects are affected, and we would like to coordinate. For now, we are aiming at a May 6th release date, but this is not set in stone yet.\n\n### Summary\n\nAn attacker can make use of JSON-LD features to restructure a JSON-LD document that would change how Fedify interprets it without changing its Linked Data Signature, allowing them to alter a third-party signed activity they have received.\n\n### Details\n\nThe vulnerability essentially boils down to the signature being on the canonical RDF graph representation of the JSON-LD document, and JSON-LD offering many ways to represent the same graph.\n\nOne of the issues is that by taking a signed `Activity` with an embedded `object`, an attacker can move the top-level `Activity` to a `@graph` property and move the activity\u0027s `object` to the top-level. Such a transformation preserves the signature and changes how the payload is interpreted by pretty much all ActivityPub implementations, making them process the object and ignore the formely-top-level activity. This can be used when the graph contains an embedded activity. In Mastodon, that is the case of `{ \"type\": \"Undo\", \"object\": { \"type\": \"Announce\" } }`, but other implementations may sign other activities that can be exploited in the same way.\n\nThe `@reverse` keyword can also be used to change the shape of a JSON-LD document without changing the underlying graph, and could be used in a similar way to reverse an `Activity` and its `object`.\n\nAnother problematic feature is `@included`, which can be used to \u201cmove\u201d properties outside of the normal tree, effectively making them invisible to most ActivityPub implementations, while, again, preserving the signature. This allows removing statuses or actor properties once a signed `Create` or `Update` activity is received.\n\nGiven that we have seen no use of `@graph`, `@included` or `@reverse` in ActivityPub payloads and that they are very complex to handle correctly (the only JSON-LD API functions that \u201cnormalize\u201d `@included` and `@reverse` are flattening and framing, which both lose the root node), we have decided to reject them, and recommend you do so as well.\n\nDetection of `@graph`, `@included` and `@reverse` should happen after compacting the incoming activity to your context, as aliases can be used for those keywords.\n\nAdditionally, after a quick scan of Fedify\u0027s source code, I could not verify that JSON-LD documents with a verified Linked Data Signature were compacted against your local JSON-LD context. Not doing that allows an attacker to rename aliases to non-standard names and use non-mapped aliases to replace existing values, while still leaving the signature intact. This allows an attacker to essentially replace arbitrary portions of any signed JSON-LD document and completely forge any activity while still passing verification. A similar issue was fixed in Mastodon a few years ago: https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/pull/17426.\n\n### Impact\n\nThe impact is difficult to assess as this depends on the types of activities that are actually signed and processed in the wild.\n\nThe `@included` keyword allows \u201cremoving\u201d arbitrary attributes, thus allowing replaying `Create` and `Update` activities while stripping away any attribute, such as content or metadata, which can lead to integrity and availability issues, although confidentiality issues are unlikely.\n\nThe `@graph` and `@reverse` keywords allow changing the root activity, which in the case of Mastodon allows sending an `Announce` from a `Undo { Announce }`, but might have wider consequences depending on what various servers sign.\n\nThe lack of compacting can allow rewriting any activity arbitrarily, thus leading to major integrity, availability, and possibly confidentiality issues (e.g. by replacing an actor\u0027s `inbox`).",
  "id": "GHSA-9rfg-v8g9-9367",
  "modified": "2026-06-11T13:30:30Z",
  "published": "2026-05-26T23:38:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/security/advisories/GHSA-9rfg-v8g9-9367"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42462"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/releases/tag/2.2.3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Fedify has an LD-Signature Bypass via JSON-LD Named-Graph Restructuring"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

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Action not permitted

CVE-2026-42462 (GCVE-0-2026-42462)

FKIE_CVE-2026-42462

GHSA-9RFG-V8G9-9367

Summary

Details

Impact

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