CVE-2026-31656 (GCVE-0-2026-31656)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 14:45 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat
A use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat
worker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same
engine->heartbeat.systole request.
The heartbeat worker reads engine->heartbeat.systole and calls
i915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears
the pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request
retirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering
__engine_park() -> intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat
timer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and
intel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer
and calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:
```
<4> [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]
<4> [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0
...
<4> [487.222707] Call Trace:
<4> [487.222711] <TASK>
<4> [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]
<4> [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]
<4> [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]
<4> [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]
<4> [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]
<4> [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]
<4> [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]
<4> [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]
<4> [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]
<4> [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]
<4> [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760
<4> [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0
<4> [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150
<4> [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480
<4> [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30
<4> [487.227141] </TASK>
```
Fix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with
xchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware
instruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This
guarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL
pointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.
(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)
Severity
7.8 (High)
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 82034799c6c14b3104668878c3f3e5786f777126
(git)
Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 4c71fd099513bfa8acab529b626e1f0097b76061 (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
5.5
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.5 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.258 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.203 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.169 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.135 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.82 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.23 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.19.13 , ≤ 6.19.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.0 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed |
{
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"version": "6.18.23",
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},
{
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"version": "6.19.13",
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},
{
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"version": "7.0",
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}
]
}
],
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat\n\nA use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat\nworker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same\nengine-\u003eheartbeat.systole request.\n\nThe heartbeat worker reads engine-\u003eheartbeat.systole and calls\ni915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears\nthe pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request\nretirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering\n__engine_park() -\u003e intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat\ntimer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and\nintel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer\nand calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:\n\n```\n\u003c4\u003e [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0\n...\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222707] Call Trace:\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222711] \u003cTASK\u003e\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227141] \u003c/TASK\u003e\n```\n\nFix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with\nxchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware\ninstruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This\nguarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL\npointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.\n\n(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)"
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached locally through i915 DRM render ioctls such as execbuffer submission, not through network or adjacent protocols.\nAC:L - Although the bug is a race, an attacker with render access can repeatedly drive GPU request submission, heartbeat creation, completion, retirement, and engine parking to trigger it.\nPR:L - The relevant ioctl is DRM_RENDER_ALLOW and does not require CAP_SYS_ADMIN or DRM master, but the attacker needs local access to an i915 render device as an unprivileged render client.\nUI:N - No victim action is required once the attacker can issue DRM ioctls and submit GPU work.\nS:U - The impact remains within the kernel/driver security authority; this is not a VM escape or cross-scope boundary bypass.\nC:H - The stale i915_request pointer can become a use-after-free on a reused request object, and per the required kernel scoring guidance UAFs are treated as enabling high confidentiality impact.\nI:H - The double put/refcount underflow can corrupt request/fence lifetime state and create a UAF condition, which is defensibly exploitable for arbitrary kernel memory manipulation.\nA:H - The observed failure reaches refcount_warn_saturate from the engine park path and can produce a kernel warning/oops or crash; repeated triggering can deny service."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:24:09.663Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82034799c6c14b3104668878c3f3e5786f777126"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c71fd099513bfa8acab529b626e1f0097b76061"
}
],
"title": "drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
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"cveId": "CVE-2026-31656",
"datePublished": "2026-04-24T14:45:07.738Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-03-09T15:48:24.129Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:24:09.663Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2026-31656",
"date": "2026-10-06",
"epss": "0.00171",
"percentile": "0.05863"
},
"microsoft_vex": {
"current_release_date": "2026-09-25T02:40:59.000Z",
"cve": "CVE-2026-31656",
"id": "msrc_CVE-2026-31656",
"initial_release_date": "2026-04-26T01:10:27.000Z",
"product_status:fixed": "1",
"product_status:known_affected": "4",
"source": "Microsoft CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2026/msrc_cve-2026-31656.json",
"version": "6"
},
"nvd": {
"cve": {
"affected": [
{
"affectedData": [
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},
{
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}
]
}
],
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
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],
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"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat\n\nA use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat\nworker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same\nengine-\u003eheartbeat.systole request.\n\nThe heartbeat worker reads engine-\u003eheartbeat.systole and calls\ni915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears\nthe pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request\nretirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering\n__engine_park() -\u003e intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat\ntimer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and\nintel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer\nand calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:\n\n```\n\u003c4\u003e [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0\n...\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222707] Call Trace:\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222711] \u003cTASK\u003e\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227141] \u003c/TASK\u003e\n```\n\nFix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with\nxchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware\ninstruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This\nguarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL\npointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.\n\n(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)"
}
],
"id": "CVE-2026-31656",
"lastModified": "2026-06-17T10:34:10.567",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
"impactScore": 5.9,
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
},
"published": "2026-04-24T15:16:45.097",
"references": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"tags": [
"Patch"
],
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657"
},
{
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"tags": [
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},
{
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82034799c6c14b3104668878c3f3e5786f777126"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4"
},
{
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"tags": [
"Patch"
],
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7"
},
{
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"vulnStatus": "Modified",
"weaknesses": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "CWE-191"
}
],
"source": "nvd@nist.gov",
"type": "Primary"
}
]
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
"current_release_date": "2026-09-15T11:38:51+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2026-31656",
"id": "CVE-2026-31656",
"initial_release_date": "2026-04-24T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:fixed": "612",
"product_status:known_affected": "22",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "90",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-31656.json",
"version": "3"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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