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CVE-2025-68211 (GCVE-0-2025-68211)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-16 13:48 – Updated: 2026-06-11 18:44
VLAI
Title
ksm: use range-walk function to jump over holes in scan_get_next_rmap_item
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ksm: use range-walk function to jump over holes in scan_get_next_rmap_item Currently, scan_get_next_rmap_item() walks every page address in a VMA to locate mergeable pages. This becomes highly inefficient when scanning large virtual memory areas that contain mostly unmapped regions, causing ksmd to use large amount of cpu without deduplicating much pages. This patch replaces the per-address lookup with a range walk using walk_page_range(). The range walker allows KSM to skip over entire unmapped holes in a VMA, avoiding unnecessary lookups. This problem was previously discussed in [1]. Consider the following test program which creates a 32 TiB mapping in the virtual address space but only populates a single page: #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/mman.h> /* 32 TiB */ const size_t size = 32ul * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; int main() { char *area = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_NORESERVE | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON, -1, 0); if (area == MAP_FAILED) { perror("mmap() failed\n"); return -1; } /* Populate a single page such that we get an anon_vma. */ *area = 0; /* Enable KSM. */ madvise(area, size, MADV_MERGEABLE); pause(); return 0; } $ ./ksm-sparse & $ echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run Without this patch ksmd uses 100% of the cpu for a long time (more then 1 hour in my test machine) scanning all the 32 TiB virtual address space that contain only one mapped page. This makes ksmd essentially deadlocked not able to deduplicate anything of value. With this patch ksmd walks only the one mapped page and skips the rest of the 32 TiB virtual address space, making the scan fast using little cpu.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-10 20:42 UTC
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < 220cb3e425e17587f560335924cba9f16a842c64 (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < 10644e8839544dd5699c03c8fb1aeeefc41602fd (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < 67137b715b7db28d82e4ed07a7092c2fa6ba7adb (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < 9c2f8a9b68024e5ebb4813665845ec0a95f2eac3 (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < 74f78421c925b6d17695566f0c5941de57fd44b3 (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < f62973e0767e4fcd6799087787fca08ca2a85b8c (git)
Affected: 31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc , < f5548c318d6520d4fa3c5ed6003eeb710763cbc5 (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 2.6.32
Unaffected: 0 , < 2.6.32 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.249 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.199 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.161 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.121 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.59 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.17.9 , ≤ 6.17.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
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With this patch ksmd walks\\nonly the one mapped page and skips the rest of the 32 TiB virtual address\\nspace, making the scan fast using little 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Coordinator\",\"version\":\"2.0.3\"}}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"2.6.32\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.10.249\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"B007F439-6EEB-48A9-8FE9-4911DB2F7763\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.11\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.199\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A247FBA6-BEB9-484F-B892-DD5517949CCD\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.161\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E135B7E2-61FC-4DC1-8570-ABD67894FFDE\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.121\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"BB7A164B-7422-4A1C-82FB-5FCAEE53C06C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.59\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F31B9755-3C98-42CB-8006-0DF32DCD5AF5\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.17.9\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02A34EC6-429C-4CA9-BF4C-09313652458E\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DD01661D-DFC8-4B6D-80E7-46D203CC4565\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A8A65C5A-918F-4E0B-8E98-08A29FFBA58A\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"26CA425A-E44F-49D2-92D9-1DDD56398440\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"BEEBB43A-4C9F-46BE-AA6D-9DBFD2244E55\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2545FB83-C4A6-4F62-9ED1-09F75D2E3C78\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/10644e8839544dd5699c03c8fb1aeeefc41602fd\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/220cb3e425e17587f560335924cba9f16a842c64\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/67137b715b7db28d82e4ed07a7092c2fa6ba7adb\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/74f78421c925b6d17695566f0c5941de57fd44b3\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9c2f8a9b68024e5ebb4813665845ec0a95f2eac3\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5548c318d6520d4fa3c5ed6003eeb710763cbc5\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f62973e0767e4fcd6799087787fca08ca2a85b8c\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-02T15:10:24+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-68211",
      "id": "CVE-2025-68211",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-16T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "917",
      "product_status:known_affected": "112",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: ksm: use range-walk function to jump over holes in scan_get_next_rmap_item",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-68211.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-68211\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-06-10T20:42:07.997005Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-11T17:39:05.309Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"ksm: use range-walk function to jump over holes in scan_get_next_rmap_item\", \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"220cb3e425e17587f560335924cba9f16a842c64\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"10644e8839544dd5699c03c8fb1aeeefc41602fd\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"67137b715b7db28d82e4ed07a7092c2fa6ba7adb\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"9c2f8a9b68024e5ebb4813665845ec0a95f2eac3\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"74f78421c925b6d17695566f0c5941de57fd44b3\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"f62973e0767e4fcd6799087787fca08ca2a85b8c\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"31dbd01f314364b70c2e026a5793a29a4da8a9dc\", \"lessThan\": \"f5548c318d6520d4fa3c5ed6003eeb710763cbc5\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"mm/ksm.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"2.6.32\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.10.249\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.15.199\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.161\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.121\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.59\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.17.9\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.17.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.18\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"mm/ksm.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/220cb3e425e17587f560335924cba9f16a842c64\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/10644e8839544dd5699c03c8fb1aeeefc41602fd\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/67137b715b7db28d82e4ed07a7092c2fa6ba7adb\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9c2f8a9b68024e5ebb4813665845ec0a95f2eac3\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/74f78421c925b6d17695566f0c5941de57fd44b3\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f62973e0767e4fcd6799087787fca08ca2a85b8c\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5548c318d6520d4fa3c5ed6003eeb710763cbc5\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nksm: use range-walk function to jump over holes in scan_get_next_rmap_item\\n\\nCurrently, scan_get_next_rmap_item() walks every page address in a VMA to\\nlocate mergeable pages.  This becomes highly inefficient when scanning\\nlarge virtual memory areas that contain mostly unmapped regions, causing\\nksmd to use large amount of cpu without deduplicating much pages.\\n\\nThis patch replaces the per-address lookup with a range walk using\\nwalk_page_range().  The range walker allows KSM to skip over entire\\nunmapped holes in a VMA, avoiding unnecessary lookups.  This problem was\\npreviously discussed in [1].\\n\\nConsider the following test program which creates a 32 TiB mapping in the\\nvirtual address space but only populates a single page:\\n\\n#include \u003cunistd.h\u003e\\n#include \u003cstdio.h\u003e\\n#include \u003csys/mman.h\u003e\\n\\n/* 32 TiB */\\nconst size_t size = 32ul * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;\\n\\nint main() {\\n        char *area = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,\\n                          MAP_NORESERVE | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON, -1, 0);\\n\\n        if (area == MAP_FAILED) {\\n                perror(\\\"mmap() failed\\\\n\\\");\\n                return -1;\\n        }\\n\\n        /* Populate a single page such that we get an anon_vma. */\\n        *area = 0;\\n\\n        /* Enable KSM. */\\n        madvise(area, size, MADV_MERGEABLE);\\n        pause();\\n        return 0;\\n}\\n\\n$ ./ksm-sparse  \u0026\\n$ echo 1 \u003e /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run \\n\\nWithout this patch ksmd uses 100% of the cpu for a long time (more then 1\\nhour in my test machine) scanning all the 32 TiB virtual address space\\nthat contain only one mapped page.  This makes ksmd essentially deadlocked\\nnot able to deduplicate anything of value.  With this patch ksmd walks\\nonly the one mapped page and skips the rest of the 32 TiB virtual address\\nspace, making the scan fast using little cpu.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.249\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.199\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.161\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.121\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.59\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.17.9\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.18\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.32\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-11T21:48:52.139Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-68211\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-11T18:44:19.687Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-12-16T13:41:40.256Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-12-16T13:48:37.959Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
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  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.