CVE-2025-39977 (GCVE-0-2025-39977)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-15 07:55 – Updated: 2026-09-08 08:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
futex: Prevent use-after-free during requeue-PI
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
futex: Prevent use-after-free during requeue-PI
syzbot managed to trigger the following race:
T1 T2
futex_wait_requeue_pi()
futex_do_wait()
schedule()
futex_requeue()
futex_proxy_trylock_atomic()
futex_requeue_pi_prepare()
requeue_pi_wake_futex()
futex_requeue_pi_complete()
/* preempt */
* timeout/ signal wakes T1 *
futex_requeue_pi_wakeup_sync() // Q_REQUEUE_PI_LOCKED
futex_hash_put()
// back to userland, on stack futex_q is garbage
/* back */
wake_up_state(q->task, TASK_NORMAL);
In this scenario futex_wait_requeue_pi() is able to leave without using
futex_q::lock_ptr for synchronization.
This can be prevented by reading futex_q::task before updating the
futex_q::requeue_state. A reference on the task_struct is not needed
because requeue_pi_wake_futex() is invoked with a spinlock_t held which
implies a RCU read section.
Even if T1 terminates immediately after, the task_struct will remain valid
during T2's wake_up_state(). A READ_ONCE on futex_q::task before
futex_requeue_pi_complete() is enough because it ensures that the variable
is read before the state is updated.
Read futex_q::task before updating the requeue state, use it for the
following wakeup.
Severity
7.8 (High)
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
8 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
07d91ef510fb16a2e0ca7453222105835b7ba3b8 , < cb5d19a61274b51b49601214a87af573b43d60fa
(git)
Affected: 07d91ef510fb16a2e0ca7453222105835b7ba3b8 , < 348736955ed6ca6e99ca24b93b1d3fbfe352c181 (git) Affected: 07d91ef510fb16a2e0ca7453222105835b7ba3b8 , < a170b9c0dde83312b8b58ccc91509c7c15711641 (git) Affected: 07d91ef510fb16a2e0ca7453222105835b7ba3b8 , < d824b2dbdcfe3c390278dd9652ea526168ef6850 (git) Affected: 07d91ef510fb16a2e0ca7453222105835b7ba3b8 , < b549113738e8c751b613118032a724b772aa83f2 (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
5.15
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.15 (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.155 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.109 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.50 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.16.10 , ≤ 6.16.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.17 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.6 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.6 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.6 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfutex: Prevent use-after-free during requeue-PI\n\nsyzbot managed to trigger the following race:\n\n T1 T2\n\n futex_wait_requeue_pi()\n futex_do_wait()\n schedule()\n futex_requeue()\n futex_proxy_trylock_atomic()\n futex_requeue_pi_prepare()\n requeue_pi_wake_futex()\n futex_requeue_pi_complete()\n /* preempt */\n\n * timeout/ signal wakes T1 *\n\n futex_requeue_pi_wakeup_sync() // Q_REQUEUE_PI_LOCKED\n futex_hash_put()\n // back to userland, on stack futex_q is garbage\n\n /* back */\n wake_up_state(q-\u003etask, TASK_NORMAL);\n\nIn this scenario futex_wait_requeue_pi() is able to leave without using\nfutex_q::lock_ptr for synchronization.\n\nThis can be prevented by reading futex_q::task before updating the\nfutex_q::requeue_state. A reference on the task_struct is not needed\nbecause requeue_pi_wake_futex() is invoked with a spinlock_t held which\nimplies a RCU read section.\n\nEven if T1 terminates immediately after, the task_struct will remain valid\nduring T2\u0027s wake_up_state(). A READ_ONCE on futex_q::task before\nfutex_requeue_pi_complete() is enough because it ensures that the variable\nis read before the state is updated.\n\nRead futex_q::task before updating the requeue state, use it for the\nfollowing wakeup."
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"value": "AV:L - The race is driven entirely through the futex(2) syscall (FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI on one thread, FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI on another), which requires local execution on the target system. There is no remote or adjacent-network path into kernel/futex/requeue.c.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race: it creates the waiter thread with an attacker-chosen short timeout (or delivers a signal) and simultaneously issues the requeue from a second thread, and can retry the loop millions of times with CPU pinning and interrupt pressure to hit the window between futex_requeue_pi_complete() and wake_up_state(). syzbot hit it with random fuzzing, and on PREEMPT_RT the hb spinlock_t is preemptible, making the window wide.\nPR:L - Any unprivileged local user can call futex() with FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI/FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI; do_futex() and futex_requeue() contain no capability or credential checks, and CONFIG_FUTEX_PI is default-y. The path is reachable from inside containers and sandboxes with no elevated privileges.\nUI:N - The attacker\u0027s own two threads perform every step of the exploit; no victim action, mount, or file open is involved.\nS:U - The corruption occurs in kernel memory (a stale kernel stack frame and a type-confused task_struct) and stays within the kernel\u0027s own security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary is crossed.\nC:H - This is a use-after-free read of the waiter\u0027s dead kernel stack frame, and the resulting attacker-influenced task_struct pointer is dereferenced in try_to_wake_up() (p-\u003e__state, p-\u003esaved_state, p-\u003eon_rq, p-\u003esched_class), giving an arbitrary kernel-memory read/oracle primitive. Per UAF guidance this is High.\nI:H - The stale futex_q lives on the attacker\u0027s own kernel stack, which can be refilled with controlled bytes by an immediately following syscall, so q-\u003etask becomes an attacker-chosen pointer; try_to_wake_up() then writes to it (raw_spin_lock on p-\u003epi_lock, WRITE_ONCE(p-\u003e__state, TASK_RUNNING), runqueue list manipulation) and makes an indirect call through p-\u003esched_class-\u003eenqueue_task(), a plausible local privilege-escalation path.\nA:H - In the unexploited case wake_up_state() dereferences a wild pointer from reused stack memory, causing an immediate oops/panic, and corrupting scheduler runqueue state can hang the machine. Any use-after-free of this kind is a High availability impact."
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],
"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e"
}
],
"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfutex: Prevent use-after-free during requeue-PI\n\nsyzbot managed to trigger the following race:\n\n T1 T2\n\n futex_wait_requeue_pi()\n futex_do_wait()\n schedule()\n futex_requeue()\n futex_proxy_trylock_atomic()\n futex_requeue_pi_prepare()\n requeue_pi_wake_futex()\n futex_requeue_pi_complete()\n /* preempt */\n\n * timeout/ signal wakes T1 *\n\n futex_requeue_pi_wakeup_sync() // Q_REQUEUE_PI_LOCKED\n futex_hash_put()\n // back to userland, on stack futex_q is garbage\n\n /* back */\n wake_up_state(q-\u003etask, TASK_NORMAL);\n\nIn this scenario futex_wait_requeue_pi() is able to leave without using\nfutex_q::lock_ptr for synchronization.\n\nThis can be prevented by reading futex_q::task before updating the\nfutex_q::requeue_state. A reference on the task_struct is not needed\nbecause requeue_pi_wake_futex() is invoked with a spinlock_t held which\nimplies a RCU read section.\n\nEven if T1 terminates immediately after, the task_struct will remain valid\nduring T2\u0027s wake_up_state(). A READ_ONCE on futex_q::task before\nfutex_requeue_pi_complete() is enough because it ensures that the variable\nis read before the state is updated.\n\nRead futex_q::task before updating the requeue state, use it for the\nfollowing wakeup."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2025-39977",
"lastModified": "2026-07-30T06:24:03.663",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
"impactScore": 5.9,
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
},
"published": "2025-10-15T08:15:35.517",
"references": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/348736955ed6ca6e99ca24b93b1d3fbfe352c181"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a170b9c0dde83312b8b58ccc91509c7c15711641"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b549113738e8c751b613118032a724b772aa83f2"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cb5d19a61274b51b49601214a87af573b43d60fa"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d824b2dbdcfe3c390278dd9652ea526168ef6850"
},
{
"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019113.html"
},
{
"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"vulnStatus": "Deferred"
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
"current_release_date": "2026-07-30T08:53:48+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-39977",
"id": "CVE-2025-39977",
"initial_release_date": "2025-10-15T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_affected": "232",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "42",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: futex: Prevent use-after-free during requeue-PI",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-39977.json",
"version": "3"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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