CVE-2025-37964 (GCVE-0-2025-37964)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-20 16:01 – Updated: 2026-05-23 15:58
VLAI
Title
x86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped tl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is set and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm. But should_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush. Fix it by widening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI. Long Version: === History === There were a few things leading up to this. First, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was made lazier. But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs due to the now-lazy mm_cpumask(). So code was added to cull mm_cpumask() periodically[2]. But that culling was a bit too aggressive and skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them. So here we are again. === Problem === The too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window: // Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only // if should_flush_tlb() agrees: cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next)); next_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen); choose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush); load_new_mm_cr3(need_flush); // ^ After 'need_flush' is set to false, IPIs *MUST* // be sent to this CPU and not be ignored. this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next); // ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb() // become true! should_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3() and writing to 'loaded_mm', which is a window where they should not be suppressed. Whoops. === Solution === Thankfully, the fuzzy "just about to write CR3" window is already marked with loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simply checking for that state in should_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with an IPI. This will cause more TLB flush IPIs. But the window is relatively small and I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance impact. Update the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew yet another user. Peter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe 'loaded_mm' and 'is_lazy' in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off() writes them. Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the order they are written.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 848b5815177582de0e1d0118725378e0fbadca20 , < 12f703811af043d32b1c8a30001b2fa04d5cd0ac (git)
Affected: b47002ed65ade940839b7f439ff4a194e7d5ec28 , < 02ad4ce144bd27f71f583f667fdf3b3ba0753477 (git)
Affected: a04fe3bfc71e28009e20357b79df1e8ef7c9d600 , < d41072906abec8bb8e01ed16afefbaa558908c89 (git)
Affected: 3dbe889a1b829b4c07e0836ff853fe649e51ce4f , < d87392094f96e162fa5fa5a8640d70cc0952806f (git)
Affected: 6db2526c1d694c91c6e05e2f186c085e9460f202 , < 399ec9ca8fc4999e676ff89a90184ec40031cf59 (git)
Affected: 6db2526c1d694c91c6e05e2f186c085e9460f202 , < fea4e317f9e7e1f449ce90dedc27a2d2a95bee5a (git)
Affected: d1347977661342cb09a304a17701eb2d4aa21dec (git)
Affected: 5.15.179 , < 5.15.183 (semver)
Affected: 6.1.129 , < 6.1.139 (semver)
Affected: 6.6.79 , < 6.6.91 (semver)
Affected: 6.12.16 , < 6.12.29 (semver)
Affected: 6.13.4 , < 6.14 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 6.14
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.14 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.183 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.139 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.91 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.29 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14.7 , ≤ 6.14.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Create a notification for this product.
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nx86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped\n\ntl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is\nset and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm.  But\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush.  Fix it by\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\n\nLong Version:\n\n=== History ===\n\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\n\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\nmade lazier.  But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask().  So code was added to cull\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2].  But that culling was a bit too aggressive\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them.  So here we are\nagain.\n\n=== Problem ===\n\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\n\n\t// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\n\t// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\n\tcpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\n\n\tnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(\u0026next-\u003econtext.tlb_gen);\n\tchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, \u0026new_asid, \u0026need_flush);\n\tload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\n\t// ^ After \u0027need_flush\u0027 is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\n\t// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\n\n        this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\n\t// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\n\t// become true!\n\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\nand writing to \u0027loaded_mm\u0027, which is a window where they should not be\nsuppressed.  Whoops.\n\n=== Solution ===\n\nThankfully, the fuzzy \"just about to write CR3\" window is already marked\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING.  Simply checking for that state in\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\nan IPI.\n\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs.  But the window is relatively small\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\nimpact.\n\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\nyet another user.\n\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\n\u0027loaded_mm\u0027 and \u0027is_lazy\u0027 in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\nwrites them.  Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\norder they are written."
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-37964\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-05-20T16:15:34.683\",\"lastModified\":\"2025-12-16T20:30:11.323\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nx86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped\\n\\ntl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is\\nset and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm.  But\\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush.  Fix it by\\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\\n\\nLong Version:\\n\\n=== History ===\\n\\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\\n\\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\\nmade lazier.  But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask().  So code was added to cull\\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2].  But that culling was a bit too aggressive\\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them.  So here we are\\nagain.\\n\\n=== Problem ===\\n\\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\\n\\n\\t// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\\n\\t// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\\n\\tcpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\\n\\n\\tnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(\u0026next-\u003econtext.tlb_gen);\\n\\tchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, \u0026new_asid, \u0026need_flush);\\n\\tload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\\n\\t// ^ After \u0027need_flush\u0027 is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\\n\\t// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\\n\\n        this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\\n\\t// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\\n\\t// become true!\\n\\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\\nand writing to \u0027loaded_mm\u0027, which is a window where they should not be\\nsuppressed.  Whoops.\\n\\n=== Solution ===\\n\\nThankfully, the fuzzy \\\"just about to write CR3\\\" window is already marked\\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING.  Simply checking for that state in\\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\\nan IPI.\\n\\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs.  But the window is relatively small\\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\\nimpact.\\n\\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\\nyet another user.\\n\\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\\n\u0027loaded_mm\u0027 and \u0027is_lazy\u0027 in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\\nwrites them.  Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\\norder they are written.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: x86/mm: Eliminar la ventana donde los vaciados de TLB pueden omitirse inadvertidamente tl;dr: Hay una ventana en el c\u00f3digo de conmutaci\u00f3n mm donde se establece el nuevo CR3 y la CPU deber\u00eda obtener vaciados de TLB para el nuevo mm. Pero should_flush_tlb() tiene un error y suprime el vaciado. Arr\u00e9glelo ampliando la ventana donde should_flush_tlb() env\u00eda una IPI. Versi\u00f3n larga: === Historial === Hubo algunas cosas que llevaron a esto. Primero, se observ\u00f3 que actualizar mm_cpumask() era demasiado costoso, por lo que se hizo m\u00e1s perezoso. Pero ser perezoso caus\u00f3 demasiados IPI innecesarios a las CPU debido al ahora perezoso mm_cpumask(). Entonces se agreg\u00f3 c\u00f3digo para descartar mm_cpumask() peri\u00f3dicamente[2]. Pero ese descarte fue demasiado agresivo y omiti\u00f3 el env\u00edo de vaciados de TLB a las CPU que los necesitan. As\u00ed que aqu\u00ed estamos de nuevo. === Problema === El c\u00f3digo demasiado agresivo en should_flush_tlb() ataca en esta ventana: // Activa las IPI para esta combinaci\u00f3n de CPU/mm, pero solo si should_flush_tlb() est\u00e1 de acuerdo: cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next)); next_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(\u0026amp;next-\u0026gt;context.tlb_gen); choose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, \u0026amp;new_asid, \u0026amp;need_flush); load_new_mm_cr3(need_flush); // ^ Despu\u00e9s de que \u0027need_flush\u0027 se establece en falso, las IPI *DEBEN* // enviarse a esta CPU y no ignorarse. this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next); // ^ \u00a1No es hasta este punto que should_flush_tlb() // se vuelve verdadero! should_flush_tlb() suprimir\u00e1 los vaciados de TLB entre load_new_mm_cr3() y la escritura en \u0027loaded_mm\u0027, que es una ventana donde no deber\u00edan suprimirse. \u00a1Uy! === Soluci\u00f3n === Afortunadamente, la ventana difusa \\\"a punto de escribir CR3\\\" ya est\u00e1 marcada con load_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simplemente comprobar ese estado en should_flush_tlb() es suficiente para asegurar que la CPU est\u00e9 dirigida a un IPI. Esto provocar\u00e1 m\u00e1s IPI de vaciado de TLB. Sin embargo, la ventana es relativamente peque\u00f1a y no preveo que esto tenga ning\u00fan impacto medible en el rendimiento. Actualice el comentario donde se escribe LOADED_MM_SWITCHING, ya que ha generado otro usuario. Peter Z tambi\u00e9n plante\u00f3 la preocupaci\u00f3n de que should_flush_tlb() podr\u00eda no observar \u0027loaded_mm\u0027 e \u0027is_lazy\u0027 en el mismo orden en que switch_mm_irqs_off() los escribe. A\u00f1ade una barrera para garantizar que se observen en el orden en que est\u00e1n escritos.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.15.179\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.183\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"D2AFD248-20FC-485D-A1CC-13D0E8DCC81A\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.1.129\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.139\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4C6814B6-DBF3-43D3-8C83-AB2A7B017FC6\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.6.79\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.91\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"7CC8774F-8BD4-4950-8F1C-0AD7E981084D\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.12.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.29\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"AC82108A-29E5-4E88-93EC-856824C6788E\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13.4\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.14.7\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"8869956D-8A8C-40D1-91E5-1709F4A31C01\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.15:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"8D465631-2980-487A-8E65-40AE2B9F8ED1\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.15:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4C9D071F-B28E-46EC-AC61-22B913390211\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.15:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"13FC0DDE-E513-465E-9E81-515702D49B74\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.15:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"8C7B5B0E-4EEB-48F5-B4CF-0935A7633845\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.15:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2D240580-3048-49B2-9E27-F115A9DF8224\"}]}]},{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"FA6FEEC2-9F11-4643-8827-749718254FED\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/02ad4ce144bd27f71f583f667fdf3b3ba0753477\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/12f703811af043d32b1c8a30001b2fa04d5cd0ac\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/399ec9ca8fc4999e676ff89a90184ec40031cf59\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d41072906abec8bb8e01ed16afefbaa558908c89\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d87392094f96e162fa5fa5a8640d70cc0952806f\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fea4e317f9e7e1f449ce90dedc27a2d2a95bee5a\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00010.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]}]}}"
  }
}


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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.