CVE-2025-21868 (GCVE-0-2025-21868)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-27 13:38 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:55
VLAI
Title
net: allow small head cache usage with large MAX_SKB_FRAGS values
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: allow small head cache usage with large MAX_SKB_FRAGS values Sabrina reported the following splat: WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at net/core/dev.c:6935 netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0 Modules linked in: CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc1-net-00092-g011b03359038 #996 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Arch Linux 1.16.3-1-1 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0 Code: e8 c3 e6 6a fe 48 83 c4 28 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc c7 44 24 10 ff ff ff ff e9 8f fb ff ff e8 9e e6 6a fe <0f> 0b e9 d3 fe ff ff e8 92 e6 6a fe 48 8b 04 24 be ff ff ff ff 48 RSP: 0000:ffffc9000001fc60 EFLAGS: 00010293 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88806ce48128 RCX: 1ffff11001664b9e RDX: ffff888008f00040 RSI: ffffffff8317ca42 RDI: ffff88800b325cb6 RBP: ffff88800b325c40 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffed100167502c R10: ffff88800b3a8163 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff88800ac1c168 R13: ffff88800ac1c168 R14: ffff88800ac1c168 R15: 0000000000000007 FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88806ce00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: ffff888008201000 CR3: 0000000004c94001 CR4: 0000000000370ef0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Call Trace: <TASK> gro_cells_init+0x1ba/0x270 xfrm_input_init+0x4b/0x2a0 xfrm_init+0x38/0x50 ip_rt_init+0x2d7/0x350 ip_init+0xf/0x20 inet_init+0x406/0x590 do_one_initcall+0x9d/0x2e0 do_initcalls+0x23b/0x280 kernel_init_freeable+0x445/0x490 kernel_init+0x20/0x1d0 ret_from_fork+0x46/0x80 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 </TASK> irq event stamp: 584330 hardirqs last enabled at (584338): [<ffffffff8168bf87>] __up_console_sem+0x77/0xb0 hardirqs last disabled at (584345): [<ffffffff8168bf6c>] __up_console_sem+0x5c/0xb0 softirqs last enabled at (583242): [<ffffffff833ee96d>] netlink_insert+0x14d/0x470 softirqs last disabled at (583754): [<ffffffff8317c8cd>] netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x77d/0xba0 on kernel built with MAX_SKB_FRAGS=45, where SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(1024) is smaller than GRO_MAX_HEAD. Such built additionally contains the revert of the single page frag cache so that napi_get_frags() ends up using the page frag allocator, triggering the splat. Note that the underlying issue is independent from the mentioned revert; address it ensuring that the small head cache will fit either TCP and GRO allocation and updating napi_alloc_skb() and __netdev_alloc_skb() to select kmalloc() usage for any allocation fitting such cache.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Assigner
Linux CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 7063 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 3948b05950fdd64002a5f182c65ba5cf2d53cf71 , < ed8a77fee4618facd2a539cad7b7366697b5a575 (git)
Affected: 3948b05950fdd64002a5f182c65ba5cf2d53cf71 , < ed0ca7d2127c63991cfaf1932b827e3f4f8ee480 (git)
Affected: 3948b05950fdd64002a5f182c65ba5cf2d53cf71 , < 648e440c98e260dec835e48a5d7a9993477b1f9d (git)
Affected: 3948b05950fdd64002a5f182c65ba5cf2d53cf71 , < 14ad6ed30a10afbe91b0749d6378285f4225d482 (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 6.4
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.117 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.17 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.13.5 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: allow small head cache usage with large MAX_SKB_FRAGS values\n\nSabrina reported the following splat:\n\n    WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at net/core/dev.c:6935 netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0\n    Modules linked in:\n    CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc1-net-00092-g011b03359038 #996\n    Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Arch Linux 1.16.3-1-1 04/01/2014\n    RIP: 0010:netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0\n    Code: e8 c3 e6 6a fe 48 83 c4 28 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc c7 44 24 10 ff ff ff ff e9 8f fb ff ff e8 9e e6 6a fe \u003c0f\u003e 0b e9 d3 fe ff ff e8 92 e6 6a fe 48 8b 04 24 be ff ff ff ff 48\n    RSP: 0000:ffffc9000001fc60 EFLAGS: 00010293\n    RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88806ce48128 RCX: 1ffff11001664b9e\n    RDX: ffff888008f00040 RSI: ffffffff8317ca42 RDI: ffff88800b325cb6\n    RBP: ffff88800b325c40 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffed100167502c\n    R10: ffff88800b3a8163 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff88800ac1c168\n    R13: ffff88800ac1c168 R14: ffff88800ac1c168 R15: 0000000000000007\n    FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88806ce00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\n    CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\n    CR2: ffff888008201000 CR3: 0000000004c94001 CR4: 0000000000370ef0\n    DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\n    DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\n    Call Trace:\n    \u003cTASK\u003e\n    gro_cells_init+0x1ba/0x270\n    xfrm_input_init+0x4b/0x2a0\n    xfrm_init+0x38/0x50\n    ip_rt_init+0x2d7/0x350\n    ip_init+0xf/0x20\n    inet_init+0x406/0x590\n    do_one_initcall+0x9d/0x2e0\n    do_initcalls+0x23b/0x280\n    kernel_init_freeable+0x445/0x490\n    kernel_init+0x20/0x1d0\n    ret_from_fork+0x46/0x80\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n    \u003c/TASK\u003e\n    irq event stamp: 584330\n    hardirqs last  enabled at (584338): [\u003cffffffff8168bf87\u003e] __up_console_sem+0x77/0xb0\n    hardirqs last disabled at (584345): [\u003cffffffff8168bf6c\u003e] __up_console_sem+0x5c/0xb0\n    softirqs last  enabled at (583242): [\u003cffffffff833ee96d\u003e] netlink_insert+0x14d/0x470\n    softirqs last disabled at (583754): [\u003cffffffff8317c8cd\u003e] netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x77d/0xba0\n\non kernel built with MAX_SKB_FRAGS=45, where SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(1024)\nis smaller than GRO_MAX_HEAD.\n\nSuch built additionally contains the revert of the single page frag cache\nso that napi_get_frags() ends up using the page frag allocator, triggering\nthe splat.\n\nNote that the underlying issue is independent from the mentioned\nrevert; address it ensuring that the small head cache will fit either TCP\nand GRO allocation and updating napi_alloc_skb() and __netdev_alloc_skb()\nto select kmalloc() usage for any allocation fitting such cache."
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              "value": "AV:N - The defective allocation path is `napi_alloc_skb(napi, GRO_MAX_HEAD)` inside `napi_get_frags()`, driven entirely by inbound packets processed by NAPI/GRO in drivers such as gve, mlx4, ionic, sfc, cxgb4 and tun. A remote peer sending traffic to the host reaches it with no local access.\nAC:L - On an affected build the mis-selection is deterministic \u2014 every GRO head allocation takes the page-frag path, with no race, timing window, or memory-layout dependency \u2014 and the attacker only needs to send small packets and drain the socket slowly to pin pages. Per CVSS 3.1 \u00a73.6 the non-default `CONFIG_MAX_SKB_FRAGS` value is scored as the assumed vulnerable configuration rather than as attack complexity.\nPR:N - The RX/GRO allocation path runs before any socket-level authentication or authorization; unsolicited packets from an unauthenticated remote host are enough to drive it. No credentials on the target are required.\nUI:N - Packet reception and GRO processing happen automatically in softirq context. No victim action of any kind is needed.\nS:U - The over-consumed memory and the failed accounting both belong to the kernel\u0027s own networking subsystem; no security authority boundary such as a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox is crossed.\nC:N - The bug only changes which allocator backs `skb-\u003ehead`; buffers are still correctly sized and bounded, so no out-of-bounds read or kernel memory disclosure occurs.\nI:N - There is no out-of-bounds write, use-after-free, or type confusion \u2014 allocation sizes remain correct and freeing is consistently routed through `skb_free_frag()` for `head_frag` skbs, so no attacker-controlled data modification is possible.\nA:H - Each ~1.1 KB GRO head pins a slice of a 32 KB order-3 page while reporting a truesize ~23x smaller, so `tcp_mem`, `sk_rmem_alloc` and cgroup socket-memory limits are bypassed and sustained remote small-packet traffic drives the host into memory exhaustion and OOM \u2014 the exact production failure documented in the regressed commit 3226b158e67c. On non-4K-page builds the same condition additionally trips the `WARN_ON_ONCE` in `netif_napi_add_weight_locked()`, which is a boot-time panic under `panic_on_warn`."
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    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:55:00.388Z",
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          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: allow small head cache usage with large MAX_SKB_FRAGS values\n\nSabrina reported the following splat:\n\n    WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at net/core/dev.c:6935 netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0\n    Modules linked in:\n    CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc1-net-00092-g011b03359038 #996\n    Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Arch Linux 1.16.3-1-1 04/01/2014\n    RIP: 0010:netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0\n    Code: e8 c3 e6 6a fe 48 83 c4 28 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc c7 44 24 10 ff ff ff ff e9 8f fb ff ff e8 9e e6 6a fe \u003c0f\u003e 0b e9 d3 fe ff ff e8 92 e6 6a fe 48 8b 04 24 be ff ff ff ff 48\n    RSP: 0000:ffffc9000001fc60 EFLAGS: 00010293\n    RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88806ce48128 RCX: 1ffff11001664b9e\n    RDX: ffff888008f00040 RSI: ffffffff8317ca42 RDI: ffff88800b325cb6\n    RBP: ffff88800b325c40 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffed100167502c\n    R10: ffff88800b3a8163 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff88800ac1c168\n    R13: ffff88800ac1c168 R14: ffff88800ac1c168 R15: 0000000000000007\n    FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88806ce00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\n    CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\n    CR2: ffff888008201000 CR3: 0000000004c94001 CR4: 0000000000370ef0\n    DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\n    DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\n    Call Trace:\n    \u003cTASK\u003e\n    gro_cells_init+0x1ba/0x270\n    xfrm_input_init+0x4b/0x2a0\n    xfrm_init+0x38/0x50\n    ip_rt_init+0x2d7/0x350\n    ip_init+0xf/0x20\n    inet_init+0x406/0x590\n    do_one_initcall+0x9d/0x2e0\n    do_initcalls+0x23b/0x280\n    kernel_init_freeable+0x445/0x490\n    kernel_init+0x20/0x1d0\n    ret_from_fork+0x46/0x80\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n    \u003c/TASK\u003e\n    irq event stamp: 584330\n    hardirqs last  enabled at (584338): [\u003cffffffff8168bf87\u003e] __up_console_sem+0x77/0xb0\n    hardirqs last disabled at (584345): [\u003cffffffff8168bf6c\u003e] __up_console_sem+0x5c/0xb0\n    softirqs last  enabled at (583242): [\u003cffffffff833ee96d\u003e] netlink_insert+0x14d/0x470\n    softirqs last disabled at (583754): [\u003cffffffff8317c8cd\u003e] netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x77d/0xba0\n\non kernel built with MAX_SKB_FRAGS=45, where SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(1024)\nis smaller than GRO_MAX_HEAD.\n\nSuch built additionally contains the revert of the single page frag cache\nso that napi_get_frags() ends up using the page frag allocator, triggering\nthe splat.\n\nNote that the underlying issue is independent from the mentioned\nrevert; address it ensuring that the small head cache will fit either TCP\nand GRO allocation and updating napi_alloc_skb() and __netdev_alloc_skb()\nto select kmalloc() usage for any allocation fitting such cache."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: net: permite el uso de cach\u00e9 de cabeza peque\u00f1a con valores MAX_SKB_FRAGS grandes Sabrina inform\u00f3 el siguiente splat: ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 0 PID: 1 en net/core/dev.c:6935 netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0 M\u00f3dulos vinculados: CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 No contaminado 6.14.0-rc1-net-00092-g011b03359038 #996 Nombre del hardware: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Arch Linux 1.16.3-1-1 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x8f2/0xba0 C\u00f3digo: e8 c3 e6 6a fe 48 83 c4 28 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc c7 44 24 10 ff ff ff ff e9 8f fb ff ff e8 9e e6 6a fe \u0026lt;0f\u0026gt; 0b e9 d3 fe ff ff e8 92 e6 6a fe 48 8b 04 24 be ff ff ff ff 48 RSP: 0000:ffffc9000001fc60 EFLAGS: 00010293 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88806ce48128 RCX: 1ffff11001664b9e RDX: ffff888008f00040 RSI: ffffffff8317ca42 RDI: ffff88800b325cb6 RBP: ffff88800b325c40 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffffed100167502c R10: ffff88800b3a8163 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff88800ac1c168 R13: ffff88800ac1c168 R14: ffff88800ac1c168 R15: 0000000000000007 FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88806ce00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: ffff888008201000 CR3: 0000000004c94001 CR4: 0000000000370ef0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Rastreo de llamadas:  gro_cells_init+0x1ba/0x270 xfrm_input_init+0x4b/0x2a0 xfrm_init+0x38/0x50 ip_rt_init+0x2d7/0x350 ip_init+0xf/0x20 inet_init+0x406/0x590 do_one_initcall+0x9d/0x2e0 do_initcalls+0x23b/0x280 kernel_init_freeable+0x445/0x490 kernel_init+0x20/0x1d0 ret_from_fork+0x46/0x80 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30  marca de evento de irq: 584330 hardirqs habilitados por \u00faltima vez en (584338): [] __up_console_sem+0x77/0xb0 hardirqs deshabilitados por \u00faltima vez en (584345): [] __up_console_sem+0x5c/0xb0 softirqs habilitados por \u00faltima vez en (583242): [] netlink_insert+0x14d/0x470 softirqs deshabilitados por \u00faltima vez en (583754): [] netif_napi_add_weight_locked+0x77d/0xba0 en el kernel creado con MAX_SKB_FRAGS=45, donde SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(1024) es menor que GRO_MAX_HEAD. Esta compilaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n incluye la reversi\u00f3n de la cach\u00e9 de fragmentos de p\u00e1gina \u00fanica, de modo que napi_get_frags() termine usando el asignador de fragmentos de p\u00e1gina, lo que activa el splat. Tenga en cuenta que el problema subyacente es independiente de la reversi\u00f3n mencionada; ab\u00f3rdelo asegurando que la cach\u00e9 de encabezado peque\u00f1o se ajuste a la asignaci\u00f3n TCP y GRO, y actualizando napi_alloc_skb() y __netdev_alloc_skb() para seleccionar el uso de kmalloc() para cualquier asignaci\u00f3n que se ajuste a dicha cach\u00e9."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-21868",
        "lastModified": "2026-07-30T06:21:42.160",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 7.5,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "NONE",
                "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
              "impactScore": 3.6,
              "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
              "type": "Secondary"
            },
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 5.5,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "NONE",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
              "impactScore": 3.6,
              "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
              "type": "Primary"
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-03-27T14:15:47.873",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/14ad6ed30a10afbe91b0749d6378285f4225d482"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/648e440c98e260dec835e48a5d7a9993477b1f9d"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ed0ca7d2127c63991cfaf1932b827e3f4f8ee480"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ed8a77fee4618facd2a539cad7b7366697b5a575"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "vulnStatus": "Modified",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Primary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Low",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-13T07:55:24+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-21868",
      "id": "CVE-2025-21868",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-03-27T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "118",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "156",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: net: allow small head cache usage with large MAX_SKB_FRAGS values",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-21868.json",
      "version": "3"
    }
  }
}



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