CVE-2025-21810 (GCVE-0-2025-21810)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-27 20:01 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()
There are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs
class_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:
// All members of @iter are wild pointers.
struct class_dev_iter iter;
// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for
// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does
// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect
// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if
// @iter still contains wild pointers.
class_dev_iter_init(&iter, ...);
// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.
while (dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter)) { ... };
// Also dereference these wild pointers here.
class_dev_iter_exit(&iter);
Actually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.
Fix by:
- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()
and give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.
- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next().
Severity
7.8 (High)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf , < f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87
(git)
Affected: 7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf , < 1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c (git) Affected: 7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf , < 5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7 (git) Affected: 7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf , < e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1 (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
6.4
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.4 (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.76 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.13 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13.2 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed |
{
"containers": {
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"drivers/base/class.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87",
"status": "affected",
"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c",
"status": "affected",
"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7",
"status": "affected",
"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf",
"versionType": "git"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "affected",
"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"drivers/base/class.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "6.4"
},
{
"lessThan": "6.4",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.6.76",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.13",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.13.2",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.14",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.6.76",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.4",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.12.13",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.4",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.13.2",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.4",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.14",
"versionStartIncluding": "6.4",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndriver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()\n\nThere are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs\nclass_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:\n\n// All members of @iter are wild pointers.\nstruct class_dev_iter iter;\n\n// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for\n// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does\n// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect\n// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if\n// @iter still contains wild pointers.\nclass_dev_iter_init(\u0026iter, ...);\n\n// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.\nwhile (dev = class_dev_iter_next(\u0026iter)) { ... };\n\n// Also dereference these wild pointers here.\nclass_dev_iter_exit(\u0026iter);\n\nActually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.\nFix by:\n- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()\n and give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.\n- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next()."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - Every affected consumer of class_dev_iter_*() is reached through local interfaces \u2014 `/proc/diskstats` and `/proc/partitions` (disk_seqf_start), cgroup `io.stat` (blkcg_fill_root_iostats), and the NFC generic-netlink `NFC_CMD_GET_DEVICE` dump. There is no remote or adjacent-network consumer of this driver-core API.\nAC:L - Once the code path is entered the wild dereference is deterministic, and the attacker controls the memory that becomes the iterator: on the two most reachable paths the iterator is a plain unzeroed `kmalloc(32)` object, so an unprivileged process can pre-spray `kmalloc-32` with chosen bytes and repeat the triggering read/dump arbitrarily often until the layout lands.\nPR:L - `/proc/diskstats`, `/proc/partitions` and cgroup `io.stat` are world-readable, and the NFC `NFC_CMD_GET_DEVICE` dumpit entry in `nfc_genl_ops[]` is one of the few NFC operations with no `GENL_ADMIN_PERM` flag \u2014 so an ordinary unprivileged local user reaches `class_dev_iter_next()` with no capability of any kind.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the path entirely on their own by reading a procfs file or issuing a netlink dump; no victim action, mount, or device plug-in is involved.\nS:U - The corruption and any resulting code execution stay within the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `klist_next()` dereferences the uninitialized `i_klist` and walks `k_list`/`n_node` links, giving an attacker-directed read of arbitrary kernel memory that is then reflected through the iteration; combined with the call gadget this yields full memory disclosure.\nI:H - The uninitialized iterator drives `spin_lock_irqsave()` on a controlled address, a `kref_put`/`list_del` write pair in `klist_dec_and_del()`, and finally an indirect call `put(last)` through a function pointer read from attacker-groomable memory \u2014 an arbitrary-write and control-flow-hijack primitive.\nA:H - Even without successful grooming, dereferencing wild pointers in `klist_next()`/`klist_iter_exit()`/`subsys_put()` reliably produces a kernel oops or panic, and it happens while holding a spinlock with interrupts disabled."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:37.861Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1"
}
],
"title": "driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-21810",
"datePublished": "2025-02-27T20:01:01.630Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.772Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:37.861Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2025-21810",
"date": "2026-09-14",
"epss": "0.00197",
"percentile": "0.09556"
},
"nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-21810\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-02-27T20:16:03.587\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-30T06:21:38.610\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\ndriver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()\\n\\nThere are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs\\nclass_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:\\n\\n// All members of @iter are wild pointers.\\nstruct class_dev_iter iter;\\n\\n// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for\\n// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does\\n// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect\\n// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if\\n// @iter still contains wild pointers.\\nclass_dev_iter_init(\u0026iter, ...);\\n\\n// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.\\nwhile (dev = class_dev_iter_next(\u0026iter)) { ... };\\n\\n// Also dereference these wild pointers here.\\nclass_dev_iter_exit(\u0026iter);\\n\\nActually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.\\nFix by:\\n- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()\\n and give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.\\n- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next().\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: n\u00facleo del controlador: clase: Arreglar desreferencias de punteros salvajes en la API class_dev_iter_next() Hay un posible problema de desreferencias de punteros salvajes con respecto a las API class_dev_iter_(init|next|exit()), como se explica a continuaci\u00f3n en el uso t\u00edpico: // Todos los miembros de @iter son punteros salvajes. struct class_dev_iter iter; // class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) comprueba el par\u00e1metro @class en busca de un posible error class_to_subsys(), y devuelve el tipo void y no inicializa su par\u00e1metro de salida @iter, por lo que el llamador no puede detectar el error y contin\u00faa invocando class_dev_iter_next(@iter) incluso si @iter todav\u00eda contiene punteros salvajes. class_dev_iter_init(\u0026amp;iter, ...); // Desreferencia estos punteros salvajes en @iter aqu\u00ed una vez que sufre el error. mientras (dev = class_dev_iter_next(\u0026amp;iter)) { ... }; // Tambi\u00e9n desreferencia estos punteros salvajes aqu\u00ed. class_dev_iter_exit(\u0026amp;iter); En realidad, todos los que llaman a estas API tienen ese patr\u00f3n de uso en el \u00e1rbol del kernel. Solucione esto: - Inicialice el par\u00e1metro de salida @iter con memset() en class_dev_iter_init() y d\u00e9 a los que llaman un aviso con pr_crit() para el error. - Verifique si @iter es v\u00e1lido en class_dev_iter_next().\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/base/class.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf\",\"lessThan\":\"f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf\",\"lessThan\":\"1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf\",\"lessThan\":\"5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf\",\"lessThan\":\"e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/base/class.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"6.4\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"6.4\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.76\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.13\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.13.2\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.13.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.14\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-476\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.4\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.76\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"C6A28F1A-2CCA-4B18-AA73-20D184A7D477\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.13\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2897389C-A8C3-4D69-90F2-E701B3D66373\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.13.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6D4116B1-1BFD-4F23-BA84-169CC05FC5A3\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}",
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Low",
"current_release_date": "2026-07-30T10:13:28+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-21810",
"id": "CVE-2025-21810",
"initial_release_date": "2025-02-27T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_affected": "226",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "48",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-21810.json",
"version": "3"
}
}
}
Loading…
Loading…
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Loading…
The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Loading…
Loading…