GCVE Workshop - 22 September 2026 (14:00-18:00), Luxembourg Before The Vulnopticon Conference - Registration

CVE-2024-45826 (GCVE-0-2024-45826)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-12 14:33 – Updated: 2024-09-12 14:58
VLAI
Title
ThinManager® Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT Due to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager® processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-12 14:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-610 - Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Rockwell Automation ThinManager Affected: 13.1.0-13.1.2
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Rockwell Automation ThinManager Affected: 13.2.0-13.2.1
guessed Create a notification for this product.
rockwellautomation thinmanager Affected: 13.1.0 , < 13.1.3 (custom)
Affected: 13.2.0 , < 13.2.2 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2024-09-12 13:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "affected": [
          {
            "cpes": [
              "cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
            ],
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "thinmanager",
            "vendor": "rockwellautomation",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "13.1.3",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "13.1.0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              },
              {
                "lessThan": "13.2.2",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "13.2.0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2024-45826",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-09-12T14:57:00.839917Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:58:34.096Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "ThinManager",
          "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "13.1.0-13.1.2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "ThinManager",
          "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "13.2.0-13.2.1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2024-09-12T13:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT\u003cbr\u003eDue to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager\u00ae processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file.\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT\nDue to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager\u00ae processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-549",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-549 Local Execution of Code"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 6.8,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-610",
              "description": "CWE-610 Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:33:44.373Z",
        "orgId": "b73dd486-f505-4403-b634-40b078b177f0",
        "shortName": "Rockwell"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/trust-center/security-advisories/advisory.SD1700.html"
        }
      ],
      "solutions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Upgrade to V13.1.3 or V13.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Upgrade to V13.1.3 or V13.2.2"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "INTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "ThinManager\u00ae Code Execution Vulnerability",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "b73dd486-f505-4403-b634-40b078b177f0",
    "assignerShortName": "Rockwell",
    "cveId": "CVE-2024-45826",
    "datePublished": "2024-09-12T14:33:44.373Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-09-09T19:33:02.444Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:58:34.096Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2024-45826",
      "date": "2026-09-19",
      "epss": "0.12341",
      "percentile": "0.96008"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "ThinManager",
                "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.1.0-13.1.2"
                  }
                ]
              },
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "ThinManager",
                "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.2.0-13.2.1"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com"
          },
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "cpes": [
                  "cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
                ],
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "thinmanager",
                "vendor": "rockwellautomation",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "lessThan": "13.1.3",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.1.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "lessThan": "13.2.2",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.2.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0"
          }
        ],
        "configurations": [
          {
            "nodes": [
              {
                "cpeMatch": [
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "F2FB9C58-1AAF-46CB-BBB5-909223EE5572",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "13.1.3",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "13.1.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "BB3AA59A-9CA4-4CD0-981C-B974A94BAC30",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "13.2.2",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "13.2.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  }
                ],
                "negate": false,
                "operator": "OR"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT\nDue to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager\u00ae processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACTO Debido a una validaci\u00f3n de entrada incorrecta, existe una vulnerabilidad de ejecuci\u00f3n remota de c\u00f3digo y recorrido de ruta cuando ThinManager\u00ae procesa una solicitud POST manipulada. Si se explota, un usuario puede instalar un archivo ejecutable."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2024-45826",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T07:54:53.100",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 6.8,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 0.9,
              "impactScore": 5.9,
              "source": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            },
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 8.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
              "impactScore": 5.9,
              "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
              "type": "Primary"
            }
          ],
          "cvssMetricV40": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackRequirements": "NONE",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "baseScore": 8.5,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
                "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
              },
              "source": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2024-45826",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-09-12T14:57:00.839917Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2024-09-12T15:18:24.287",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com",
            "tags": [
              "Vendor Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/trust-center/security-advisories/advisory.SD1700.html"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com",
        "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-610"
              }
            ],
            "source": "PSIRT@rockwellautomation.com",
            "type": "Secondary"
          },
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-610"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Primary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2025-05-28T21:24:31+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2024-45826",
      "id": "CVE-2024-45826",
      "initial_release_date": "2024-09-12T13:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "ThinManager\u00ae Code Execution Vulnerability",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2024/cve-2024-45826.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "affected": [
              {
                "cpes": [
                  "cpe:2.3:a:rockwellautomation:thinmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
                ],
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "thinmanager",
                "vendor": "rockwellautomation",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "lessThan": "13.1.3",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.1.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "lessThan": "13.2.2",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "13.2.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2024-45826",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "total"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2024-09-12T14:57:00.839917Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:58:28.877Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "ThinManager",
              "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "13.1.0-13.1.2"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "ThinManager",
              "vendor": "Rockwell Automation",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "13.2.0-13.2.1"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "datePublic": "2024-09-12T13:00:00.000Z",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "supportingMedia": [
                {
                  "base64": false,
                  "type": "text/html",
                  "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT\u003cbr\u003eDue to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager\u00ae processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file.\u003cbr\u003e"
                }
              ],
              "value": "CVE-2024-45826 IMPACT\nDue to improper input validation, a path traversal and remote code execution vulnerability exists when the ThinManager\u00ae processes a crafted POST request. If exploited, a user can install an executable file."
            }
          ],
          "impacts": [
            {
              "capecId": "CAPEC-549",
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "CAPEC-549 Local Execution of Code"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV4_0": {
                "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackRequirements": "NONE",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "baseScore": 8.5,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
                "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
              },
              "format": "CVSS",
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "GENERAL"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "cvssV3_1": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 6.8,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "format": "CVSS",
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "GENERAL"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-610",
                  "description": "CWE-610 Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:33:44.373Z",
            "orgId": "b73dd486-f505-4403-b634-40b078b177f0",
            "shortName": "Rockwell"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "url": "https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/trust-center/security-advisories/advisory.SD1700.html"
            }
          ],
          "solutions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "supportingMedia": [
                {
                  "base64": false,
                  "type": "text/html",
                  "value": "Upgrade to V13.1.3 or V13.2.2"
                }
              ],
              "value": "Upgrade to V13.1.3 or V13.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "discovery": "INTERNAL"
          },
          "title": "ThinManager\u00ae Code Execution Vulnerability",
          "x_generator": {
            "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
          }
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "b73dd486-f505-4403-b634-40b078b177f0",
        "assignerShortName": "Rockwell",
        "cveId": "CVE-2024-45826",
        "datePublished": "2024-09-12T14:33:44.373Z",
        "dateReserved": "2024-09-09T19:33:02.444Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T14:58:34.096Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}



Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.





Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.


Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.