CVE-2024-26960 (GCVE-0-2024-26960)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-01 05:19 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()
There was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and
teardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was
running in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad
possibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by
free_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.
This is a theoretical problem and I haven't been able to provoke it from a
test case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is
possible (see link below).
Fix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall
swapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that
the swap entry was not free. This isn't present in get_swap_device()
because it doesn't make sense in general due to the race between getting
the reference and swapoff. So I've added an equivalent check directly in
free_swap_and_cache().
Details of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand
for deriving this):
--8<-----
__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in
"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE".
swapoff->try_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si->inuse_pages==0.
So the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn
si->inuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().
Imagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are
still references by swap entries.
Process 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.
Process 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.
Process 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().
-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE
[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]
Process 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().
-> count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE
Process 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls
__try_to_reclaim_swap().
__try_to_reclaim_swap()->folio_free_swap()->delete_from_swap_cache()->
put_swap_folio()->free_swap_slot()->swapcache_free_entries()->
swap_entry_free()->swap_range_free()->
...
WRITE_ONCE(si->inuse_pages, si->inuse_pages - nr_entries);
What stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache
but before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?
--8<-----
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-05 21:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
9 references
Impacted products
19 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d
(git)
Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e (git) Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a (git) Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a (git) Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39 (git) Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b (git) Affected: 7c00bafee87c7bac7ed9eced7c161f8e5332cb4e , < 82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
4.11
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.11 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.215 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.154 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.84 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.24 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.7.12 , ≤ 6.7.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.8.3 , ≤ 6.8.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.9 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < d85c11c97ecf
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 2da5568ee222
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 1ede7f1d7eed
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 0f98f6d2fb5f
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 3ce4c4c653e4
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 363d17e7f790
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
7c00bafee87c , < 82b1c07a0af6
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
5.10.215 , < 5.11
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
6.1.84 , < 6.2
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
6.6.24 , < 6.7
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
6.8.3 , < 6.9
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
6.9
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
0 , < 4.11
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Affected:
4.11
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
5.15.154 , < 5.16
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| linux | linux_kernel |
Unaffected:
6.7.12 , < 6.8
(custom)
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven\u0027t been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn\u0027t present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn\u0027t make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I\u0027ve added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8\u003c-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff-\u003etry_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si-\u003einuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi-\u003einuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()-\u003efolio_free_swap()-\u003edelete_from_swap_cache()-\u003e\nput_swap_folio()-\u003efree_swap_slot()-\u003eswapcache_free_entries()-\u003e\nswap_entry_free()-\u003eswap_range_free()-\u003e\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si-\u003einuse_pages, si-\u003einuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8\u003c-----"
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"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
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{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached only through local memory-management syscalls \u2014 `munmap`/`exit` (`zap_pte_range` \u2192 mm/memory.c:1636), `madvise(MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE)` (mm/madvise.c:659), and tmpfs truncate/punch-hole (mm/shmem.c:842). No remote or adjacent-network consumer reaches `free_swap_and_cache()`.\nAC:H - The attacker controls only their half of the race; the other half is `swapoff()`, gated by `capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)` in the *initial* user namespace (mm/swapfile.c:2411, `capable()` not `ns_capable()`), so it cannot be induced from a user namespace and must be performed by an administrator or system script. Landing the hit additionally requires being preempted inside a sub-microsecond window between `__swap_entry_free()` and `swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()` while a second process reclaims the last swapcache reference \u2014 the author explicitly could not provoke it from a test case.\nPR:L - The attacker-controlled side needs nothing beyond an ordinary unprivileged local account: any process can spin `munmap`/`madvise`/tmpfs-punch loops over swapped-out anonymous pages to drive `free_swap_and_cache()` at high rate. No capability, namespace, or filesystem privilege is required for that half.\nUI:N - No victim is tricked into any action; the required `swapoff()` is routine system activity (systemd swap-unit deactivation, hibernate scripts, Android zram reconfiguration) that occurs without human participation, and that environmental dependency is already accounted for in AC:H rather than counted twice as UI:R.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel data structures within the kernel\u0027s own security authority \u2014 standard local kernel memory corruption / privilege escalation. No VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free reads of the vfree\u0027d `swap_map`, the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info`, and a freed `struct address_space` (XArray walk in `filemap_get_folio()`) can disclose reallocated kernel memory. Additionally, `swapoff`+`swapon` reuses the `swap_info_struct` slot, so the stale `free_swap_and_cache()` corrupts the *new* device\u0027s counts and prematurely frees slots still referenced by other processes, handing a victim\u0027s swapped-out anonymous data to the attacker on swap-in.\nI:H - `lock_cluster()` performs `spin_lock(\u0026ci-\u003elock)` on the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info` \u2014 for typical swap sizes a kmalloc-slab object \u2014 giving a sprayable use-after-free *write* primitive, and `__try_to_reclaim_swap()` manipulates folio locks/refcounts derived from a freed `address_space`. Combined with silent swap-map count corruption after `swapon` reuse, this is exploitable for control-flow hijack and cross-process data modification.\nA:H - The most likely immediate outcome is a kernel oops \u2014 dereferencing a NULLed `si-\u003eswap_map`, faulting in the unmapped vfree\u0027d vmalloc range, a NULL `swapper_spaces[type]`, or tripping `VM_BUG_ON(count != SWAP_HAS_CACHE)` in `__swap_entry_free_locked()`. Any of these panics the kernel."
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven\u0027t been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn\u0027t present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn\u0027t make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I\u0027ve added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8\u003c-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff-\u003etry_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si-\u003einuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi-\u003einuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()-\u003efolio_free_swap()-\u003edelete_from_swap_cache()-\u003e\nput_swap_folio()-\u003efree_swap_slot()-\u003eswapcache_free_entries()-\u003e\nswap_entry_free()-\u003eswap_range_free()-\u003e\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si-\u003einuse_pages, si-\u003einuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8\u003c-----"
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"value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: mm: swap: corrige la ejecuci\u00f3n entre free_swap_and_cache() y swapoff() Anteriormente exist\u00eda una ventana te\u00f3rica donde swapoff() pod\u00eda ejecutar y desmantelar un swap_info_struct mientras se realizaba una llamada a free_swap_and_cache(). corriendo en otro hilo. Esto podr\u00eda causar, entre otras malas posibilidades, que swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (llamado por free_swap_and_cache()) acceda a la memoria liberada para swap_map. Este es un problema te\u00f3rico y no he podido provocarlo a partir de un caso de prueba. Pero ha habido un acuerdo basado en la revisi\u00f3n del c\u00f3digo de que esto es posible (ver enlace a continuaci\u00f3n). Solucionarlo usando get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), lo que detendr\u00e1 swapoff(). Hubo una verificaci\u00f3n adicional en _swap_info_get() para confirmar que la entrada de intercambio no era gratuita. Esto no est\u00e1 presente en get_swap_device() porque en general no tiene sentido debido a la ejecuci\u00f3n entre obtener la referencia y el intercambio. As\u00ed que agregu\u00e9 una verificaci\u00f3n equivalente directamente en free_swap_and_cache(). Detalles de c\u00f3mo provocar un posible problema (gracias a David Hildenbrand por derivar esto): --8\u0026lt;----- __swap_entry_free() podr\u00eda ser el \u00faltimo usuario y dar como resultado \"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\". swapoff-\u0026gt;try_to_unuse() se detendr\u00e1 tan pronto como si-\u0026gt;inuse_pages==0. Entonces la pregunta es: \u00bfalguien podr\u00eda reclamar la publicaci\u00f3n y activar si-\u0026gt;inuse_pages==0, antes de que completemos swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()? Imagine lo siguiente: folio de 2 MiB en el swapcache. S\u00f3lo 2 subp\u00e1ginas siguen siendo referencias mediante entradas de intercambio. El proceso 1 todav\u00eda hace referencia a la subp\u00e1gina 0 mediante la entrada de intercambio. El proceso 2 todav\u00eda hace referencia a la subp\u00e1gina 1 mediante la entrada de intercambio. El proceso 1 se cierra. Llama a free_swap_and_cache(). -\u0026gt; count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE [luego, adelantado en el hipervisor, etc.] El proceso 2 se cierra. Llama a free_swap_and_cache(). -\u0026gt; count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE El proceso 2 contin\u00faa, pasa swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() y llama a __try_to_reclaim_swap(). __try_to_reclaim_swap()-\u0026gt;folio_free_swap()-\u0026gt;delete_from_swap_cache()-\u0026gt; put_swap_folio()-\u0026gt;free_swap_slot()-\u0026gt;swapcache_free_entries()-\u0026gt; swap_entry_free()-\u0026gt;swap_range_free()-\u0026gt; ... WRITE_ONCE(si-\u0026gt;inuse_pages, si-\u0026gt;inuse_pages - nr_entries); \u00bfQu\u00e9 impide que el intercambio tenga \u00e9xito despu\u00e9s de que el proceso 2 recuper\u00f3 el cach\u00e9 de intercambio pero antes de que el proceso 1 terminara su llamada a swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()? --8\u0026lt;-----"
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.1.84",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.6.24",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.7.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.7.12",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.8.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.8.3",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.9",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
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"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "5.10.215",
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"vulnerable": true
},
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"versionEndExcluding": "6.8.3",
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"vulnerable": true
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"negate": false,
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread. This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven\u0027t been able to provoke it from a\ntest case. But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff(). There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free. This isn\u0027t present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn\u0027t make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff. So I\u0027ve added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8\u003c-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff-\u003etry_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si-\u003einuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi-\u003einuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()-\u003efolio_free_swap()-\u003edelete_from_swap_cache()-\u003e\nput_swap_folio()-\u003efree_swap_slot()-\u003eswapcache_free_entries()-\u003e\nswap_entry_free()-\u003eswap_range_free()-\u003e\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si-\u003einuse_pages, si-\u003einuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8\u003c-----"
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached only through local memory-management syscalls \u2014 `munmap`/`exit` (`zap_pte_range` \u2192 mm/memory.c:1636), `madvise(MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE)` (mm/madvise.c:659), and tmpfs truncate/punch-hole (mm/shmem.c:842). No remote or adjacent-network consumer reaches `free_swap_and_cache()`.\nAC:H - The attacker controls only their half of the race; the other half is `swapoff()`, gated by `capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)` in the *initial* user namespace (mm/swapfile.c:2411, `capable()` not `ns_capable()`), so it cannot be induced from a user namespace and must be performed by an administrator or system script. Landing the hit additionally requires being preempted inside a sub-microsecond window between `__swap_entry_free()` and `swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()` while a second process reclaims the last swapcache reference \u2014 the author explicitly could not provoke it from a test case.\nPR:L - The attacker-controlled side needs nothing beyond an ordinary unprivileged local account: any process can spin `munmap`/`madvise`/tmpfs-punch loops over swapped-out anonymous pages to drive `free_swap_and_cache()` at high rate. No capability, namespace, or filesystem privilege is required for that half.\nUI:N - No victim is tricked into any action; the required `swapoff()` is routine system activity (systemd swap-unit deactivation, hibernate scripts, Android zram reconfiguration) that occurs without human participation, and that environmental dependency is already accounted for in AC:H rather than counted twice as UI:R.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel data structures within the kernel\u0027s own security authority \u2014 standard local kernel memory corruption / privilege escalation. No VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free reads of the vfree\u0027d `swap_map`, the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info`, and a freed `struct address_space` (XArray walk in `filemap_get_folio()`) can disclose reallocated kernel memory. Additionally, `swapoff`+`swapon` reuses the `swap_info_struct` slot, so the stale `free_swap_and_cache()` corrupts the *new* device\u0027s counts and prematurely frees slots still referenced by other processes, handing a victim\u0027s swapped-out anonymous data to the attacker on swap-in.\nI:H - `lock_cluster()` performs `spin_lock(\u0026ci-\u003elock)` on the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info` \u2014 for typical swap sizes a kmalloc-slab object \u2014 giving a sprayable use-after-free *write* primitive, and `__try_to_reclaim_swap()` manipulates folio locks/refcounts derived from a freed `address_space`. Combined with silent swap-map count corruption after `swapon` reuse, this is exploitable for control-flow hijack and cross-process data modification.\nA:H - The most likely immediate outcome is a kernel oops \u2014 dereferencing a NULLed `si-\u003eswap_map`, faulting in the unmapped vfree\u0027d vmalloc range, a NULL `swapper_spaces[type]`, or tripping `VM_BUG_ON(count != SWAP_HAS_CACHE)` in `__swap_entry_free_locked()`. Any of these panics the kernel."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e"
}
],
"title": "mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2024-26960",
"datePublished": "2024-05-01T05:19:12.112Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-02-19T14:20:24.201Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:28:38.708Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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