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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is triggered by a local `connect(2)` syscall on an AF_AX25 socket followed by `close(2)`; a remote packet-radio peer cannot drive the socket API. The freed object is subsequently consumed by the frame-receive path, but the trigger itself is local.\nAC:L - A single deterministic connect()+close() sequence on an unbound AF_AX25 socket unbalances both refcounts \u2014 no race, no memory-layout dependency, and it can be repeated at will. On the realistic deployment for this subsystem (a configured AX.25 node with a port and route), the attacker triggers it reliably every time.\nPR:L - `ax25_create()` requires no capability for SOCK_SEQPACKET/SOCK_DGRAM (only SOCK_RAW checks CAP_NET_RAW), and the autobind CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE check is disabled by the default `ax25_uid_policy=0`, so any unprivileged local account suffices. The socket family also autoloads the module via MODULE_ALIAS_NETPROTO(PF_AX25).\nUI:N - The entire sequence is performed by the attacker\u0027s own process with no victim action required.\nS:U - The refcount underflow and resulting memory corruption stay within the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The premature `kfree_rcu()` of `ax25_dev` leaves a freed object still reachable for reads via `dev-\u003eax25_ptr` in `ax25_rcv()`, via the `ax25_dev_list` walk, and \u2014 critically \u2014 via the world-readable `/proc/sys/net/ax25/\u003cdev\u003e/*` entries whose `.data` points into the freed slab, giving a direct read window onto whatever object is reallocated there.\nI:H - The same UAF is a write primitive: the registered sysctl table writes ints directly into the freed `ax25_dev-\u003evalues[]`, and the RX path mutates the freed object, so heap spraying yields controlled corruption of an attacker-chosen replacement object; the additional `netdev_put()` underflow can free a still-registered `net_device`.\nA:H - The unbalanced puts produce an immediate `refcount_warn_saturate()` WARN and a use-after-free that panics on the next received AX.25 frame, `bind()`, sysctl access, or DAMA timer fire; it is repeatable and also permanently corrupts the netdev refcount."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nf2fs: quota: fix to avoid warning in dquot_writeback_dquots()\n\nF2FS-fs (dm-59): checkpoint=enable has some unwritten data.\n\n------------[ cut here ]------------\nWARNING: CPU: 6 PID: 8013 at fs/quota/dquot.c:691 dquot_writeback_dquots+0x2fc/0x308\npc : dquot_writeback_dquots+0x2fc/0x308\nlr : f2fs_quota_sync+0xcc/0x1c4\nCall trace:\ndquot_writeback_dquots+0x2fc/0x308\nf2fs_quota_sync+0xcc/0x1c4\nf2fs_write_checkpoint+0x3d4/0x9b0\nf2fs_issue_checkpoint+0x1bc/0x2c0\nf2fs_sync_fs+0x54/0x150\nf2fs_do_sync_file+0x2f8/0x814\n__f2fs_ioctl+0x1960/0x3244\nf2fs_ioctl+0x54/0xe0\n__arm64_sys_ioctl+0xa8/0xe4\ninvoke_syscall+0x58/0x114\n\ncheckpoint and f2fs_remount may race as below, resulting triggering warning\nin dquot_writeback_dquots().\n\natomic write                                    remount\n                                                - do_remount\n                                                 - down_write(\u0026sb-\u003es_umount);\n                                                  - f2fs_remount\n- ioctl\n - f2fs_do_sync_file\n  - f2fs_sync_fs\n   - f2fs_write_checkpoint\n    - block_operations\n     - locked = down_read_trylock(\u0026sbi-\u003esb-\u003es_umount)\n       : fail to lock due to the write lock was held by remount\n                                                 - up_write(\u0026sb-\u003es_umount);\n     - f2fs_quota_sync\n      - dquot_writeback_dquots\n       - WARN_ON_ONCE(!rwsem_is_locked(\u0026sb-\u003es_umount))\n       : trigger warning because s_umount lock was unlocked by remount\n\nIf checkpoint comes from mount/umount/remount/freeze/quotactl, caller of\ncheckpoint has already held s_umount lock, calling dquot_writeback_dquots()\nin the context should be safe.\n\nSo let\u0027s record task to sbi-\u003eumount_lock_holder, so that checkpoint can\nknow whether the lock has held in the context or not by checking current\nw/ it.\n\nIn addition, in order to not misrepresent caller of checkpoint, we should\nnot allow to trigger async checkpoint for those callers: mount/umount/remount/\nfreeze/quotactl."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
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            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is entered purely through local syscalls against a mounted f2fs volume \u2014 `syncfs()`, `fsync()` or `__f2fs_ioctl()` reaching `f2fs_sync_fs` \u2192 `f2fs_issue_checkpoint` \u2192 `block_operations`. There is no remote or network-facing route into f2fs checkpointing.\nAC:H - The attacker can spam the checkpoint side at will, but `down_read_trylock(\u0026sb-\u003es_umount)` only fails while a *writer* holds the lock, and every writer (mount/remount/umount/freeze/quotaon-off/shutdown ioctl) is a CAP_SYS_ADMIN operation the unprivileged attacker cannot initiate; the lock must additionally be released or be tearing down quota within the narrow window before `dquot_writeback_dquots()`. That timing dependency on an administrative mount-state change is beyond the attacker\u0027s control.\nPR:L - The attacker-facing half needs no privilege at all \u2014 any local user with a file or fd on the f2fs mount can loop on `syncfs()`/`fsync()` to drive checkpoints, which is the case on every Android device where `/data` is f2fs with the `quota_ino` feature enabled by default. No capability, and no user namespace, is required on the triggering path.\nUI:N - The attacker issues the triggering syscall themselves and nothing must be opened, mounted or clicked on their behalf. The concurrent administrative remount is a timing precondition already accounted for in Attack Complexity, not victim participation in the attack.\nS:U - The damage is confined to kernel memory and kernel-managed quota/filesystem state within the same security authority. No hypervisor, IOMMU or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Running `dquot_writeback_dquots()`/`f2fs_quota_sync_file()` without `s_umount` removes exactly the protection that keeps quota state alive \u2014 `dqopt-\u003efiles[type]-\u003ei_mapping` is dereferenced after only a lockless `sb_has_quota_active()` check, and `dqopt-\u003einfo[cnt].dqi_dirty_list` is walked while `invalidate_dquots()` frees its entries. A use-after-free read of `struct inode`/`struct dquot` in a general-purpose slab is leverageable for disclosure of adjacent kernel objects.\nI:H - The same unsynchronized window lets `filemap_fdatawrite()` and `dquot_write_dquot()` write through a quota inode that `vfs_cleanup_quota_inode()` has already `iput()`ed and NULLed, giving a write into freed slab memory alongside corruption of on-disk quota accounting (f2fs flags `SBI_QUOTA_NEED_REPAIR`, requiring fsck). A use-after-free write is a classic route to control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The immediate, reported effect is a `WARNING` splat that taints the kernel and is an outright panic on the many hardened Android, cloud and embedded builds that set `panic_on_warn=1`. Beyond that, the lost lock readily oopses the kernel via NULL dereference of a cleared `dqopt-\u003efiles[type]` or a use-after-free on the quota inode."
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/eb85c2410d6f581e957cd03a644ff6ddbe592af9"
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    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T14:13:13.697Z",
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nRISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit\n\nDuring a module removal, kvm_exit invokes arch specific disable\ncall which disables AIA. However, we invoke aia_exit before kvm_exit\nresulting in the following warning. KVM kernel module can\u0027t be inserted\nafterwards due to inconsistent state of IRQ.\n\n[25469.031389] percpu IRQ 31 still enabled on CPU0!\n[25469.031732] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 943 at kernel/irq/manage.c:2476 __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.031804] Modules linked in: kvm(-)\n[25469.031848] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 943 Comm: rmmod Not tainted 6.14.0-rc5-06947-g91c763118f47-dirty #2\n[25469.031905] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)\n[25469.031928] epc : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.031976]  ra : __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.032197] epc : ffffffff8007db1e ra : ffffffff8007db1e sp : ff2000000088bd50\n[25469.032241]  gp : ffffffff8131cef8 tp : ff60000080b96400 t0 : ff2000000088baf8\n[25469.032285]  t1 : fffffffffffffffc t2 : 5249207570637265 s0 : ff2000000088bd90\n[25469.032329]  s1 : ff60000098b21080 a0 : 037d527a15eb4f00 a1 : 037d527a15eb4f00\n[25469.032372]  a2 : 0000000000000023 a3 : 0000000000000001 a4 : ffffffff8122dbf8\n[25469.032410]  a5 : 0000000000000fff a6 : 0000000000000000 a7 : ffffffff8122dc10\n[25469.032448]  s2 : ff60000080c22eb0 s3 : 0000000200000022 s4 : 000000000000001f\n[25469.032488]  s5 : ff60000080c22e00 s6 : ffffffff80c351c0 s7 : 0000000000000000\n[25469.032582]  s8 : 0000000000000003 s9 : 000055556b7fb490 s10: 00007ffff0e12fa0\n[25469.032621]  s11: 00007ffff0e13e9a t3 : ffffffff81354ac7 t4 : ffffffff81354ac7\n[25469.032664]  t5 : ffffffff81354ac8 t6 : ffffffff81354ac7\n[25469.032698] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff8007db1e cause: 0000000000000003\n[25469.032738] [\u003cffffffff8007db1e\u003e] __free_percpu_irq+0xa2/0x150\n[25469.032797] [\u003cffffffff8007dbfc\u003e] free_percpu_irq+0x30/0x5e\n[25469.032856] [\u003cffffffff013a57dc\u003e] kvm_riscv_aia_exit+0x40/0x42 [kvm]\n[25469.033947] [\u003cffffffff013b4e82\u003e] cleanup_module+0x10/0x32 [kvm]\n[25469.035300] [\u003cffffffff8009b150\u003e] __riscv_sys_delete_module+0x18e/0x1fc\n[25469.035374] [\u003cffffffff8000c1ca\u003e] syscall_handler+0x3a/0x46\n[25469.035456] [\u003cffffffff809ec9a4\u003e] do_trap_ecall_u+0x72/0x134\n[25469.035536] [\u003cffffffff809f5e18\u003e] handle_exception+0x148/0x156\n\nInvoke aia_exit and other arch specific cleanup functions after kvm_exit\nso that disable gets a chance to be called first before exit."
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2d117e67f318303f6ab699a5511d1fac3f170545"
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      ],
      "title": "RISC-V: KVM: Teardown riscv specific bits after kvm_exit",
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          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nwifi: ath12k: Avoid memory leak while enabling statistics\n\nDriver uses monitor destination rings for extended statistics mode and\nstandalone monitor mode. In extended statistics mode, TLVs are parsed from\nthe buffer received from the monitor destination ring and assigned to the\nppdu_info structure to update per-packet statistics. In standalone monitor\nmode, along with per-packet statistics, the packet data (payload) is\ncaptured, and the driver updates per MSDU to mac80211.\n\nWhen the AP interface is enabled, only extended statistics mode is\nactivated. As part of enabling monitor rings for collecting statistics,\nthe driver subscribes to HAL_RX_MPDU_START TLV in the filter\nconfiguration. This TLV is received from the monitor destination ring, and\nkzalloc for the mon_mpdu object occurs, which is not freed, leading to a\nmemory leak. The kzalloc for the mon_mpdu object is only required while\nenabling the standalone monitor interface. This causes a memory leak while\nenabling extended statistics mode in the driver.\n\nFix this memory leak by removing the kzalloc for the mon_mpdu object in\nthe HAL_RX_MPDU_START TLV handling. Additionally, remove the standalone\nmonitor mode handlings in the HAL_MON_BUF_ADDR and HAL_RX_MSDU_END TLVs.\nThese TLV tags will be handled properly when enabling standalone monitor\nmode in the future.\n\nTested-on: QCN9274 hw2.0 PCI WLAN.WBE.1.3.1-00173-QCAHKSWPL_SILICONZ-1\nTested-on: WCN7850 hw2.0 PCI WLAN.HMT.1.0.c5-00481-QCAHMTSWPL_V1.0_V2.0_SILICONZ-3"
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          "programFiles": [
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            "drivers/net/ethernet/ti/am65-cpsw-nuss.c",
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndmaengine: ti: k3-udma-glue: Drop skip_fdq argument from k3_udma_glue_reset_rx_chn\n\nThe user of k3_udma_glue_reset_rx_chn() e.g. ti_am65_cpsw_nuss can\nrun on multiple platforms having different DMA architectures.\nOn some platforms there can be one FDQ for all flows in the RX channel\nwhile for others there is a separate FDQ for each flow in the RX channel.\n\nSo far we have been relying on the skip_fdq argument of\nk3_udma_glue_reset_rx_chn().\n\nInstead of relying on the user to provide this information, infer it\nbased on DMA architecture during k3_udma_glue_request_rx_chn() and save it\nin an internal flag \u0027single_fdq\u0027. Use that flag at\nk3_udma_glue_reset_rx_chn() to deicide if the FDQ needs\nto be cleared for every flow or just for flow 0.\n\nFixes the below issue on ti_am65_cpsw_nuss driver on AM62-SK.\n\n\u003e ip link set eth1 down\n\u003e ip link set eth0 down\n\u003e ethtool -L eth0 rx 8\n\u003e ip link set eth0 up\n\u003e modprobe -r ti_am65_cpsw_nuss\n\n[  103.045726] ------------[ cut here ]------------\n[  103.050505] k3_knav_desc_pool size 512000 != avail 64000\n[  103.050703] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 450 at drivers/net/ethernet/ti/k3-cppi-desc-pool.c:33 k3_cppi_desc_pool_destroy+0xa0/0xa8 [k3_cppi_desc_pool]\n[  103.068810] Modules linked in: ti_am65_cpsw_nuss(-) k3_cppi_desc_pool snd_soc_hdmi_codec crct10dif_ce snd_soc_simple_card snd_soc_simple_card_utils display_connector rtc_ti_k3 k3_j72xx_bandgap tidss drm_client_lib snd_soc_davinci_mcas\np drm_dma_helper tps6598x phylink snd_soc_ti_udma rti_wdt drm_display_helper snd_soc_tlv320aic3x_i2c typec at24 phy_gmii_sel snd_soc_ti_edma snd_soc_tlv320aic3x sii902x snd_soc_ti_sdma sa2ul omap_mailbox drm_kms_helper authenc cfg80211 r\nfkill fuse drm drm_panel_orientation_quirks backlight ip_tables x_tables ipv6 [last unloaded: k3_cppi_desc_pool]\n[  103.119950] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 450 Comm: modprobe Not tainted 6.13.0-rc7-00001-g9c5e3435fa66 #1011\n[  103.119968] Hardware name: Texas Instruments AM625 SK (DT)\n[  103.119974] pstate: 80000005 (Nzcv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)\n[  103.119983] pc : k3_cppi_desc_pool_destroy+0xa0/0xa8 [k3_cppi_desc_pool]\n[  103.148007] lr : k3_cppi_desc_pool_destroy+0xa0/0xa8 [k3_cppi_desc_pool]\n[  103.154709] sp : ffff8000826ebbc0\n[  103.158015] x29: ffff8000826ebbc0 x28: ffff0000090b6300 x27: 0000000000000000\n[  103.165145] x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: ffff0000019df6b0\n[  103.172271] x23: ffff0000019df6b8 x22: ffff0000019df410 x21: ffff8000826ebc88\n[  103.179397] x20: 000000000007d000 x19: ffff00000a3b3000 x18: 0000000000000000\n[  103.186522] x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000 x15: 000001e8c35e1cde\n[  103.193647] x14: 0000000000000396 x13: 000000000000035c x12: 0000000000000000\n[  103.200772] x11: 000000000000003a x10: 00000000000009c0 x9 : ffff8000826eba20\n[  103.207897] x8 : ffff0000090b6d20 x7 : ffff00007728c180 x6 : ffff00007728c100\n[  103.215022] x5 : 0000000000000001 x4 : ffff000000508a50 x3 : ffff7ffff6146000\n[  103.222147] x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : e300b4173ee6b200 x0 : 0000000000000000\n[  103.229274] Call trace:\n[  103.231714]  k3_cppi_desc_pool_destroy+0xa0/0xa8 [k3_cppi_desc_pool] (P)\n[  103.238408]  am65_cpsw_nuss_free_rx_chns+0x28/0x4c [ti_am65_cpsw_nuss]\n[  103.244942]  devm_action_release+0x14/0x20\n[  103.249040]  release_nodes+0x3c/0x68\n[  103.252610]  devres_release_all+0x8c/0xdc\n[  103.256614]  device_unbind_cleanup+0x18/0x60\n[  103.260876]  device_release_driver_internal+0xf8/0x178\n[  103.266004]  driver_detach+0x50/0x9c\n[  103.269571]  bus_remove_driver+0x6c/0xbc\n[  103.273485]  driver_unregister+0x30/0x60\n[  103.277401]  platform_driver_unregister+0x14/0x20\n[  103.282096]  am65_cpsw_nuss_driver_exit+0x18/0xff4 [ti_am65_cpsw_nuss]\n[  103.288620]  __arm64_sys_delete_module+0x17c/0x25c\n[  103.293404]  invoke_syscall+0x44/0x100\n[  103.297149]  el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0xc0/0xe0\n[  103.301845]  do_el0_svc+0x1c/0x28\n[  103.305155]  el0_svc+0x28/0x98\n---truncated---"
        }
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      "references": [
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/929995c980da57beeb415744c7c271a9fde80fa9"
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d0dd9d133ef8fdc894e0be9aa27dc49ef5f813cb"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0da30874729baeb01889b0eca16cfda122687503"
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      ],
      "title": "dmaengine: ti: k3-udma-glue: Drop skip_fdq argument from k3_udma_glue_reset_rx_chn",
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-38042",
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