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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\naf_unix: Initialise scc_index in unix_add_edge().\n\nQuang Le reported that the AF_UNIX GC could garbage-collect a\nreceive queue of an alive in-flight socket, with a nice repro.\n\nThe repro consists of three stages.\n\n  1)\n    1-a. Create a single cyclic reference with many sockets\n    1-b. close() all sockets\n    1-c. Trigger GC\n\n  2)\n    2-a. Pass sk-A to an embryo sk-B\n    2-b. Pass sk-X to sk-X\n    2-c. Trigger GC\n\n  3)\n    3-a. accept() the embryo sk-B\n    3-b. Pass sk-B to sk-C\n    3-c. close() the in-flight sk-A\n    3-d. Trigger GC\n\nAs of 2-c, sk-A and sk-X are linked to unix_unvisited_vertices,\nand unix_walk_scc() groups them into two different SCCs:\n\n  unix_sk(sk-A)-\u003evertex-\u003escc_index = 2 (UNIX_VERTEX_INDEX_START)\n  unix_sk(sk-X)-\u003evertex-\u003escc_index = 3\n\nOnce GC completes, unix_graph_grouped is set to true.\nAlso, unix_graph_maybe_cyclic is set to true due to sk-X\u0027s\ncyclic self-reference, which makes close() trigger GC.\n\nAt 3-b, unix_add_edge() allocates unix_sk(sk-B)-\u003evertex and\nlinks it to unix_unvisited_vertices.\n\nunix_update_graph() is called at 3-a. and 3-b., but neither\nunix_graph_grouped nor unix_graph_maybe_cyclic is changed\nbecause both sk-B\u0027s listener and sk-C are not in-flight.\n\n3-c decrements sk-A\u0027s file refcnt to 1.\n\nSince unix_graph_grouped is true at 3-d, unix_walk_scc_fast()\nis finally called and iterates 3 sockets sk-A, sk-B, and sk-X:\n\n  sk-A -\u003e sk-B (-\u003e sk-C)\n  sk-X -\u003e sk-X\n\nThis is totally fine.  All of them are not yet close()d and\nshould be grouped into different SCCs.\n\nHowever, unix_vertex_dead() misjudges that sk-A and sk-B are\nin the same SCC and sk-A is dead.\n\n  unix_sk(sk-A)-\u003escc_index == unix_sk(sk-B)-\u003escc_index \u003c-- Wrong!\n  \u0026\u0026\n  sk-A\u0027s file refcnt == unix_sk(sk-A)-\u003evertex-\u003eout_degree\n                                       ^-- 1 in-flight count for sk-B\n  -\u003e sk-A is dead !?\n\nThe problem is that unix_add_edge() does not initialise scc_index.\n\nStage 1) is used for heap spraying, making a newly allocated\nvertex have vertex-\u003escc_index == 2 (UNIX_VERTEX_INDEX_START)\nset by unix_walk_scc() at 1-c.\n\nLet\u0027s track the max SCC index from the previous unix_walk_scc()\ncall and assign the max + 1 to a new vertex\u0027s scc_index.\n\nThis way, we can continue to avoid Tarjan\u0027s algorithm while\npreventing misjudgments."
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              "value": "AV:L - The entire attack is driven by local syscalls on AF_UNIX sockets \u2014 socketpair/connect/accept, sendmsg with SCM_RIGHTS, close \u2014 which is a purely local IPC interface with no remote or adjacent-network reachability.\nAC:L - The attacker controls every stage: the spray allocates and frees the exact same `struct unix_vertex` slab objects that `unix_prepare_fpl()` then reallocates from a LIFO freelist with `scc_index` already set to UNIX_VERTEX_INDEX_START, and the self-referencing socket makes every close() deterministically trigger GC, so no condition lies outside the attacker\u0027s control.\nPR:L - Only an ordinary unprivileged local account is needed \u2014 AF_UNIX socket creation and SCM_RIGHTS fd passing require no capability, no user namespace, and no configuration, and the path is fully reachable from inside containers, sandboxes, and Android app processes.\nUI:N - The attacker\u0027s own process performs all of the socket creation, fd passing, accept(), and close() operations; no action by any other user or victim process is required.\nS:U - The prematurely freed skbs, the dangling `u-\u003eoob_skb`, and the vulnerable GC code all live in the kernel\u0027s own security authority, so this is standard local kernel privilege escalation with no boundary crossing.\nC:H - `unix_stream_recv_urg()` passes the dangling `u-\u003eoob_skb` to `recv_actor()`, copying data from a freed-and-reclaimed skb to userspace, and also reads `oob_skb-\u003eprev`; with the freed object groomed to hold a controlled `-\u003edata`/`-\u003elen`, this yields arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The same path writes through freed memory \u2014 `UNIXCB(oob_skb).consumed += 1` and `__skb_unlink()` performing `prev-\u003enext = next; next-\u003eprev = prev` with attacker-groomed pointers \u2014 giving a use-after-free unlink write primitive suitable for control-flow hijack, on top of silently destroying a live socket\u0027s queued messages.\nA:H - Freeing an alive socket\u0027s receive queue leaves `u-\u003eoob_skb` and `u-\u003einq_len` inconsistent with a purged queue; subsequent operations dereference freed skbs, reliably producing KASAN splats, oopses, and kernel panics."
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      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:08:39.553Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20003fbb9174121b27bd1da6ebe61542ac4c327d"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4cd8d755c7d4f515dd9abf483316aca2f1b7b0f3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db81ad20fd8aef7cc7d536c52ee5ea4c1f979128"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1aa7e40ee850c9053e769957ce6541173891204d"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/60e6489f8e3b086bd1130ad4450a2c112e863791"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://mohandacherir.github.io/Qdiv7/posts/unix_new_gc/"
        }
      ],
      "title": "af_unix: Initialise scc_index in unix_add_edge().",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-40214",
    "datePublished": "2025-12-04T12:38:31.601Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.179Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:08:39.553Z",
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ngfs2: Fix unlikely race in gdlm_put_lock\n\nIn gdlm_put_lock(), there is a small window of time in which the\nDFL_UNMOUNT flag has been set but the lockspace hasn\u0027t been released,\nyet.  In that window, dlm may still call gdlm_ast() and gdlm_bast().\nTo prevent it from dereferencing freed glock objects, only free the\nglock if the lockspace has actually been released."
        }
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              "value": "AV:L - The window is opened by a local umount or a local filesystem withdraw, and the glock free is performed by local filesystem activity (inode eviction, glock shrinker, `glock_work_func`); the DLM bast that dereferences the freed object comes from an authenticated cluster peer on a private interconnect and cannot by itself create the dangling pointer. There is no network-facing service path into `gdlm_put_lock()`.\nAC:H - Exploitation requires winning a race whose opening the attacker does not control \u2014 `DFL_UNMOUNT` is set only by a root-driven umount or an error-driven withdraw \u2014 and additionally requires a DLM ast/bast for that exact resource to arrive after the free but before `dlm_release_lockspace()` completes, plus slab reuse after the RCU grace period. The author explicitly characterises it as an \"unlikely race\" in a \"small window of time\".\nPR:L - Once the teardown window is open (via administrator umount, cluster-manager failover, or a withdraw provoked by storage errors), an ordinary unprivileged user with access to the GFS2 mount drives the vulnerable side: normal file operations force glock disposal through `__gfs2_glock_put \u2192 lm_put_lock`, and creating inodes sprays `gfs2_glock_cachep` to groom the freed object. No capability check exists anywhere on that path.\nUI:N - The attacker only performs ordinary file operations on an already-mounted GFS2 filesystem; no victim must open a file, mount media, or take any deliberate action. The privileged unmount/withdraw is an environmental system state, accounted for in Attack Complexity rather than user interaction.\nS:U - The freed `struct gfs2_glock`, the DLM callback that writes into it, and any resulting corruption all live in the host kernel\u0027s own security authority. No hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - This is a use-after-free on a slab object whose contents the attacker can groom by reallocating glocks, and `gdlm_ast()` reads `gl-\u003egl_flags`, `gl-\u003egl_dstamp`, `gl-\u003egl_name.ln_type` and the `gl-\u003egl_name.ln_sbd` pointer out of the freed memory before the dead-lockref guard, using `ln_sbd` as a dereference target \u2014 giving an attacker-steerable kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Three distinct writes hit the freed object: DLM\u0027s `lksb-\u003esb_status`/`sb_flags` stores, `clear_bit(GLF_BLOCKING, \u0026gl-\u003egl_flags)`, and `gfs2_update_stats(\u0026gl-\u003egl_stats, ...)`; worse, `this_cpu_ptr(gl-\u003egl_name.ln_sbd-\u003esd_lkstats)` turns a groomed pointer in the freed object into the destination of a read-modify-write, and a surviving lockref check leads into `gfs2_glock_complete()` and `gl-\u003egl_ops` indirect calls \u2014 a control-flow hijack path.\nA:H - Dereferencing a freed glock from the DLM callback workqueue produces KASAN splats, oopses on garbage `ln_sbd`/`gl_ops` pointers, and `BUG()` in `gdlm_bast()` on an unrecognised mode, panicking the node. On a clustered filesystem, crashing the node also triggers fencing and cluster-wide recovery."
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nlibceph: fix potential use-after-free in have_mon_and_osd_map()\n\nThe wait loop in __ceph_open_session() can race with the client\nreceiving a new monmap or osdmap shortly after the initial map is\nreceived.  Both ceph_monc_handle_map() and handle_one_map() install\na new map immediately after freeing the old one\n\n    kfree(monc-\u003emonmap);\n    monc-\u003emonmap = monmap;\n\n    ceph_osdmap_destroy(osdc-\u003eosdmap);\n    osdc-\u003eosdmap = newmap;\n\nunder client-\u003emonc.mutex and client-\u003eosdc.lock respectively, but\nbecause neither is taken in have_mon_and_osd_map() it\u0027s possible for\nclient-\u003emonc.monmap-\u003eepoch and client-\u003eosdc.osdmap-\u003eepoch arms in\n\n    client-\u003emonc.monmap \u0026\u0026 client-\u003emonc.monmap-\u003eepoch \u0026\u0026\n        client-\u003eosdc.osdmap \u0026\u0026 client-\u003eosdc.osdmap-\u003eepoch;\n\ncondition to dereference an already freed map.  This happens to be\nreproducible with generic/395 and generic/397 with KASAN enabled:\n\n    BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in have_mon_and_osd_map+0x56/0x70\n    Read of size 4 at addr ffff88811012d810 by task mount.ceph/13305\n    CPU: 2 UID: 0 PID: 13305 Comm: mount.ceph Not tainted 6.14.0-rc2-build2+ #1266\n    ...\n    Call Trace:\n    \u003cTASK\u003e\n    have_mon_and_osd_map+0x56/0x70\n    ceph_open_session+0x182/0x290\n    ceph_get_tree+0x333/0x680\n    vfs_get_tree+0x49/0x180\n    do_new_mount+0x1a3/0x2d0\n    path_mount+0x6dd/0x730\n    do_mount+0x99/0xe0\n    __do_sys_mount+0x141/0x180\n    do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x100\n    entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e\n    \u003c/TASK\u003e\n\n    Allocated by task 13305:\n    ceph_osdmap_alloc+0x16/0x130\n    ceph_osdc_init+0x27a/0x4c0\n    ceph_create_client+0x153/0x190\n    create_fs_client+0x50/0x2a0\n    ceph_get_tree+0xff/0x680\n    vfs_get_tree+0x49/0x180\n    do_new_mount+0x1a3/0x2d0\n    path_mount+0x6dd/0x730\n    do_mount+0x99/0xe0\n    __do_sys_mount+0x141/0x180\n    do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x100\n    entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e\n\n    Freed by task 9475:\n    kfree+0x212/0x290\n    handle_one_map+0x23c/0x3b0\n    ceph_osdc_handle_map+0x3c9/0x590\n    mon_dispatch+0x655/0x6f0\n    ceph_con_process_message+0xc3/0xe0\n    ceph_con_v1_try_read+0x614/0x760\n    ceph_con_workfn+0x2de/0x650\n    process_one_work+0x486/0x7c0\n    process_scheduled_works+0x73/0x90\n    worker_thread+0x1c8/0x2a0\n    kthread+0x2ec/0x300\n    ret_from_fork+0x24/0x40\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n\nRewrite the wait loop to check the above condition directly with\nclient-\u003emonc.mutex and client-\u003eosdc.lock taken as appropriate.  While\nat it, improve the timeout handling (previously mount_timeout could be\nexceeded in case wait_event_interruptible_timeout() slept more than\nonce) and access client-\u003eauth_err under client-\u003emonc.mutex to match\nhow it\u0027s set in finish_auth().\n\nmonmap_show() and osdmap_show() now take the respective lock before\naccessing the map as well."
        }
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      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 9.8,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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              "value": "AV:N - The race is driven by MON_MAP and OSD_MAP messages received over TCP from a remote Ceph monitor during session establishment.\nAC:L - A malicious monitor can send repeated, closely spaced map updates and wake the mount thread, making the race attacker-amplifiable and reproducible.\nPR:N - Legacy messenger-v1 dispatches monitor map messages without requiring completed CephX authentication, so the remote attacker needs no target-system privileges.\nUI:N - CephFS and RBD sessions are commonly opened automatically during boot or orchestration, requiring no human action once the client is configured.\nS:U - The vulnerable libceph code and the affected kernel resources belong to the same host security authority.\nC:H - The kernel-heap use-after-free permits attacker-shaped reclamation of the freed map object and is conservatively treated as enabling kernel-memory disclosure.\nI:H - Attacker-controlled heap shaping around a kernel use-after-free may provide memory-corruption or control-flow primitives, warranting high integrity impact.\nA:H - The use-after-free is KASAN-reproducible and can cause a kernel oops or panic, taking the host and its Ceph-backed storage offline."
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              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: ets: Always remove class from active list before deleting in ets_qdisc_change\n\nzdi-disclosures@trendmicro.com says:\n\nThe vulnerability is a race condition between `ets_qdisc_dequeue` and\n`ets_qdisc_change`.  It leads to UAF on `struct Qdisc` object.\nAttacker requires the capability to create new user and network namespace\nin order to trigger the bug.\nSee my additional commentary at the end of the analysis.\n\nAnalysis:\n\nstatic int ets_qdisc_change(struct Qdisc *sch, struct nlattr *opt,\n                          struct netlink_ext_ack *extack)\n{\n...\n\n      // (1) this lock is preventing .change handler (`ets_qdisc_change`)\n      //to race with .dequeue handler (`ets_qdisc_dequeue`)\n      sch_tree_lock(sch);\n\n      for (i = nbands; i \u003c oldbands; i++) {\n              if (i \u003e= q-\u003enstrict \u0026\u0026 q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc-\u003eq.qlen)\n                      list_del_init(\u0026q-\u003eclasses[i].alist);\n              qdisc_purge_queue(q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc);\n      }\n\n      WRITE_ONCE(q-\u003enbands, nbands);\n      for (i = nstrict; i \u003c q-\u003enstrict; i++) {\n              if (q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc-\u003eq.qlen) {\n\t\t      // (2) the class is added to the q-\u003eactive\n                      list_add_tail(\u0026q-\u003eclasses[i].alist, \u0026q-\u003eactive);\n                      q-\u003eclasses[i].deficit = quanta[i];\n              }\n      }\n      WRITE_ONCE(q-\u003enstrict, nstrict);\n      memcpy(q-\u003eprio2band, priomap, sizeof(priomap));\n\n      for (i = 0; i \u003c q-\u003enbands; i++)\n              WRITE_ONCE(q-\u003eclasses[i].quantum, quanta[i]);\n\n      for (i = oldbands; i \u003c q-\u003enbands; i++) {\n              q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc = queues[i];\n              if (q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc != \u0026noop_qdisc)\n                      qdisc_hash_add(q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc, true);\n      }\n\n      // (3) the qdisc is unlocked, now dequeue can be called in parallel\n      // to the rest of .change handler\n      sch_tree_unlock(sch);\n\n      ets_offload_change(sch);\n      for (i = q-\u003enbands; i \u003c oldbands; i++) {\n\t      // (4) we\u0027re reducing the refcount for our class\u0027s qdisc and\n\t      //  freeing it\n              qdisc_put(q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc);\n\t      // (5) If we call .dequeue between (4) and (5), we will have\n\t      // a strong UAF and we can control RIP\n              q-\u003eclasses[i].qdisc = NULL;\n              WRITE_ONCE(q-\u003eclasses[i].quantum, 0);\n              q-\u003eclasses[i].deficit = 0;\n              gnet_stats_basic_sync_init(\u0026q-\u003eclasses[i].bstats);\n              memset(\u0026q-\u003eclasses[i].qstats, 0, sizeof(q-\u003eclasses[i].qstats));\n      }\n      return 0;\n}\n\nComment:\nThis happens because some of the classes have their qdiscs assigned to\nNULL, but remain in the active list. This commit fixes this issue by always\nremoving the class from the active list before deleting and freeing its\nassociated qdisc\n\nReproducer Steps\n(trimmed version of what was sent by zdi-disclosures@trendmicro.com)\n\n```\nDEV=\"${DEV:-lo}\"\nROOT_HANDLE=\"${ROOT_HANDLE:-1:}\"\nBAND2_HANDLE=\"${BAND2_HANDLE:-20:}\"   # child under 1:2\nPING_BYTES=\"${PING_BYTES:-48}\"\nPING_COUNT=\"${PING_COUNT:-200000}\"\nPING_DST=\"${PING_DST:-127.0.0.1}\"\n\nSLOW_TBF_RATE=\"${SLOW_TBF_RATE:-8bit}\"\nSLOW_TBF_BURST=\"${SLOW_TBF_BURST:-100b}\"\nSLOW_TBF_LAT=\"${SLOW_TBF_LAT:-1s}\"\n\ncleanup() {\n  tc qdisc del dev \"$DEV\" root 2\u003e/dev/null\n}\ntrap cleanup EXIT\n\nip link set \"$DEV\" up\n\ntc qdisc del dev \"$DEV\" root 2\u003e/dev/null || true\n\ntc qdisc add dev \"$DEV\" root handle \"$ROOT_HANDLE\" ets bands 2 strict 2\n\ntc qdisc add dev \"$DEV\" parent 1:2 handle \"$BAND2_HANDLE\" \\\n  tbf rate \"$SLOW_TBF_RATE\" burst \"$SLOW_TBF_BURST\" latency \"$SLOW_TBF_LAT\"\n\ntc filter add dev \"$DEV\" parent 1: protocol all prio 1 u32 match u32 0 0 flowid 1:2\ntc -s qdisc ls dev $DEV\n\nping -I \"$DEV\" -f -c \"$PING_COUNT\" -s \"$PING_BYTES\" -W 0.001 \"$PING_DST\" \\\n  \u003e/dev/null 2\u003e\u00261 \u0026\ntc qdisc change dev \"$DEV\" root handle \"$ROOT_HANDLE\" ets bands 2 strict 0\ntc qdisc change dev \"$DEV\" root handle \"$ROOT_HANDLE\" ets bands 2 strict 2\ntc -s qdisc ls dev $DEV\ntc qdisc del dev \"$DEV\" parent \n---truncated---"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local rtnetlink qdisc configuration and locally generated traffic reaching the ETS dequeue path.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both racing paths by issuing qdisc changes while driving packet dequeue, and can deterministically create the stale active-list state. Although the UAF window is narrow, preemptible, RT, or virtualized scheduling makes it plausible, and the higher-severity tie-break requires L.\nPR:L - RTM_NEWQDISC requires CAP_NET_ADMIN in the target network namespace. An unprivileged user can obtain that capability by creating user and network namespaces on deployments permitting unprivileged user namespaces.\nUI:N - No victim action is required after the attacker configures ETS and generates concurrent traffic.\nS:U - The corruption and resulting kernel compromise occur within the Linux kernel\u2019s existing security authority; standard namespace escape or kernel privilege escalation does not change CVSS scope.\nC:H - The freed Qdisc can be reclaimed with attacker-influenced contents and dereferenced through its operations pointer, supporting kernel memory disclosure primitives.\nI:H - The UAF reaches an indirect peek function call through the freed Qdisc operations pointer, making control-flow hijacking and arbitrary kernel modification defensible.\nA:H - The flaw demonstrably causes a KASAN use-after-free or NULL-pointer kernel oops and can produce a kernel panic."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:11:49.113Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/062d5d544e564473450d72e6af83077c2b2ff7c3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7f6e7cc14df72b997258216e99d897d2df0dbbd"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a75d617a4ef08682f5cfaadc01d5141c87e019c9"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9987cda315c08f63a02423fa2f9a1f6602c861a0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/06bfb66a7c8b45e3fed01351a4b087410ae5ef39"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/45466141da3c98a0c5fa88be0bc14b4b6a4bd75c"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ce052b9402e461a9aded599f5b47e76bc727f7de"
        }
      ],
      "title": "net/sched: ets: Always remove class from active list before deleting in ets_qdisc_change",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-71066",
    "datePublished": "2026-01-13T15:31:21.931Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-01-13T15:30:19.646Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:11:49.113Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}