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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice\n\nSavino says:\n    \"We are writing to report that this recent patch\n    (141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547) [1]\n    can be bypassed, and a UAF can still occur when HFSC is utilized with\n    NETEM.\n\n    The patch only checks the cl-\u003ecl_nactive field to determine whether\n    it is the first insertion or not [2], but this field is only\n    incremented by init_vf [3].\n\n    By using HFSC_RSC (which uses init_ed) [4], it is possible to bypass the\n    check and insert the class twice in the eltree.\n    Under normal conditions, this would lead to an infinite loop in\n    hfsc_dequeue for the reasons we already explained in this report [5].\n\n    However, if TBF is added as root qdisc and it is configured with a\n    very low rate,\n    it can be utilized to prevent packets from being dequeued.\n    This behavior can be exploited to perform subsequent insertions in the\n    HFSC eltree and cause a UAF.\"\n\nTo fix both the UAF and the infinite loop, with netem as an hfsc child,\ncheck explicitly in hfsc_enqueue whether the class is already in the eltree\nwhenever the HFSC_RSC flag is set.\n\n[1] https://web.git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547\n[2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1572\n[3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L677\n[4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1574\n[5] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/8DuRWwfqjoRDLDmBMlIfbrsZg9Gx50DHJc1ilxsEBNe2D6NMoigR_eIRIG0LOjMc3r10nUUZtArXx4oZBIdUfZQrwjcQhdinnMis_0G7VEk=@willsroot.io/T/#u"
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires configuring an HFSC qdisc with an RSC-only class, a netem child with duplication, and a rate-limiting root qdisc via tc/rtnetlink, then transmitting packets locally through it. Remote peers cannot set up or reach this configuration, so local access is required.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls every precondition \u2014 the HFSC_RSC class flags, netem\u0027s duplicate probability (settable to 100%), and the TBF rate that stalls dequeue \u2014 so the reentrant double-insertion is triggered deterministically on demand, with no race or state outside attacker control.\nPR:L - CAP_NET_ADMIN is required for tc configuration, but rtnetlink checks it namespace-relative, so an unprivileged user obtains it by creating a user+network namespace (unshare -Urn) and building the qdisc hierarchy on a loopback/dummy device inside it.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the qdisc setup and generates the triggering traffic entirely on their own; no action by any other user or administrator is involved.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel heap memory managed by the same kernel security authority; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or other trust boundary.\nC:H - The stale eligible-tree edge to a freed hfsc_class yields a use-after-free that is read from during rbtree traversal in eltree_get_mindl()/eltree_get_minel(), and reclaiming the freed slab object with attacker-controlled data gives an arbitrary kernel-memory read primitive.\nI:H - rb_insert_color() and rb_erase() write parent/color pointers into the freed object and into attacker-groomed neighbors, providing a controllable write primitive on reclaimed heap memory that is leverageable for full local privilege escalation.\nA:H - Even without full exploitation, the double insertion causes an infinite loop in hfsc_dequeue() or a use-after-free oops/panic, hanging or crashing the kernel."
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        {
          "url": "https://syst3mfailure.io/rbtree-family-drama/"
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      "title": "net_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "datePublished": "2025-06-06T13:41:45.462Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.976Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:58:52.422Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndmaengine: ti: k3-udma: Add missing locking\n\nRecent kernels complain about a missing lock in k3-udma.c when the lock\nvalidator is enabled:\n\n[    4.128073] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 746 at drivers/dma/ti/../virt-dma.h:169 udma_start.isra.0+0x34/0x238\n[    4.137352] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 746 Comm: kworker/0:3 Not tainted 6.12.9-arm64 #28\n[    4.144867] Hardware name: pp-v12 (DT)\n[    4.148648] Workqueue: events udma_check_tx_completion\n[    4.153841] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)\n[    4.160834] pc : udma_start.isra.0+0x34/0x238\n[    4.165227] lr : udma_start.isra.0+0x30/0x238\n[    4.169618] sp : ffffffc083cabcf0\n[    4.172963] x29: ffffffc083cabcf0 x28: 0000000000000000 x27: ffffff800001b005\n[    4.180167] x26: ffffffc0812f0000 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: 0000000000000000\n[    4.187370] x23: 0000000000000001 x22: 00000000e21eabe9 x21: ffffff8000fa0670\n[    4.194571] x20: ffffff8001b6bf00 x19: ffffff8000fa0430 x18: ffffffc083b95030\n[    4.201773] x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 00000000f0000000 x15: 0000000000000048\n[    4.208976] x14: 0000000000000048 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000001\n[    4.216179] x11: ffffffc08151a240 x10: 0000000000003ea1 x9 : ffffffc08046ab68\n[    4.223381] x8 : ffffffc083cabac0 x7 : ffffffc081df3718 x6 : 0000000000029fc8\n[    4.230583] x5 : ffffffc0817ee6d8 x4 : 0000000000000bc0 x3 : 0000000000000000\n[    4.237784] x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : 00000000001fffff x0 : 0000000000000000\n[    4.244986] Call trace:\n[    4.247463]  udma_start.isra.0+0x34/0x238\n[    4.251509]  udma_check_tx_completion+0xd0/0xdc\n[    4.256076]  process_one_work+0x244/0x3fc\n[    4.260129]  process_scheduled_works+0x6c/0x74\n[    4.264610]  worker_thread+0x150/0x1dc\n[    4.268398]  kthread+0xd8/0xe8\n[    4.271492]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20\n[    4.275107] irq event stamp: 220\n[    4.278363] hardirqs last  enabled at (219): [\u003cffffffc080a27c7c\u003e] _raw_spin_unlock_irq+0x38/0x50\n[    4.287183] hardirqs last disabled at (220): [\u003cffffffc080a1c154\u003e] el1_dbg+0x24/0x50\n[    4.294879] softirqs last  enabled at (182): [\u003cffffffc080037e68\u003e] handle_softirqs+0x1c0/0x3cc\n[    4.303437] softirqs last disabled at (177): [\u003cffffffc080010170\u003e] __do_softirq+0x1c/0x28\n[    4.311559] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n\nThis commit adds the missing locking."
        }
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nsch_hfsc: make hfsc_qlen_notify() idempotent\n\nhfsc_qlen_notify() is not idempotent either and not friendly\nto its callers, like fq_codel_dequeue(). Let\u0027s make it idempotent\nto ease qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() callers\u0027 life:\n\n1. update_vf() decreases cl-\u003ecl_nactive, so we can check whether it is\nnon-zero before calling it.\n\n2. eltree_remove() always removes RB node cl-\u003eel_node, but we can use\n   RB_EMPTY_NODE() + RB_CLEAR_NODE() to make it safe."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached by configuring HFSC classes and child qdiscs via rtnetlink (`tc`) and driving local packet flow through them, which requires local system access. Remote packets alone cannot establish the required qdisc hierarchy.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls every precondition \u2014 the qdisc/class topology, the child qdisc that re-enters `qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog()`, the packet, and the class deletion \u2014 and the sibling commit ships a deterministic shell reproducer. This is a reentrancy/accounting bug, not a race the attacker must win.\nPR:L - `tc` qdisc/class operations are gated by `netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN)`, which resolves to `netlink_ns_capable(skb, sock_net(sk)-\u003euser_ns, ...)` \u2014 namespace-relative, so an unprivileged user obtains it with `unshare -Urn` and can build the full hierarchy on `lo` inside that netns.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the qdisc setup, packet transmission, and class deletion entirely on their own; no victim action or cooperation is needed.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel memory within the same security authority; there is no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - Dangling `hfsc_class` rb_nodes left in `q-\u003eeligible`/`vt_tree` are dereferenced by `eltree_get_mindl()`/`vttree_get_minvt()` after `kfree()`, giving a use-after-free read over reclaimed heap contents the attacker can spray, enabling arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - Double `rb_erase()` on a stale node writes through an attacker-influenceable parent pointer, and subsequent `eltree_update()`/`rb_insert` operate on freed memory \u2014 yielding a write primitive; the same HFSC rbtree-corruption primitive has a public working local privilege escalation (CVE-2025-38001, \"rbtree family drama\").\nA:H - Red-black tree corruption and use-after-free on freed `hfsc_class` objects reliably produce oopses, KASAN splats, and kernel panics, taking the system down."
            }
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        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:00:08.513Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9a5fd5c2f4d4afdd5e405083ee53e0789ce76956"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/72c61ffbeeb8c50f6d4d70c65d3283aa1bac57a7"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a5efc95a33bd4fcb879250852828cc58c7862970"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0475c85426b18eccdcb7f9fb58d8f8e9c6c58c87"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9030a91235ae4845ec71902c3e0cecfc9ed1f2df"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d06476714d2819b550e0cc39222347e2c8941c9d"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c1175c4ad01dbc9c979d099861fa90a754f72059"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/51eb3b65544c9efd6a1026889ee5fb5aa62da3bb"
        }
      ],
      "title": "sch_hfsc: make hfsc_qlen_notify() idempotent",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-38177",
    "datePublished": "2025-07-04T12:47:09.127Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.992Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:00:08.513Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
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  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}