Vulnerability-Lookup

BDU:2023-00534 (CVE-2023-0140)

Vulnerability from fstec – Published: 2023-02-03 – Updated: 2025-02-07 – View on bdu.fstec.ru Fixed

Title

Уязвимость реализации прикладного программного интерфейса File System браузеров Google Chrome и Microsoft Edge, позволяющая нарушителю обойти ограничения безопасности

Summary

Уязвимость реализации прикладного программного интерфейса File System браузеров Google Chrome и Microsoft Edge связана с некорректной проверкой безопасности для стандартных элементов. Эксплуатация уязвимости может позволить нарушителю, действующему удаленно, обойти ограничения безопасности с помощью специально созданной HTML-страницы

Severity

7.8 (High) CVSS 2.0


                      
                        AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:C/A:N

6.5 (Medium) CVSS 3.0


                      
                        CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Class

Code vulnerability

Status

Confirmed by the vendor

Exploitation

Functionality abuse

Incidents

Being clarified

Remediation

Software update

CWE

CWE-358 - Неправильно реализованная проверка безопасности для стандартных элементов

Aliases

CVE-2023-0140

References

4 references

URL
https://www.cybersecurity-help.cz/vdb/SB2023011272
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0140
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-0140
https://поддержка.нппкт.рф/bin/view/ОСнова/Обновления/2.7/

Impacted products

3 products from 3 vendors

Vendors

Google Inc, Microsoft Corp, АО «НППКТ»

Products

Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, ОСОН ОСнова Оnyx (запись в едином реестре российских программ №5913)

Versions

до 109.0.5414.74 (Google Chrome), до 109.0.1518.49 (Microsoft Edge), до 2.7 (ОСОН ОСнова Оnyx)

Product types

Application software, Operating system

Platforms

Microsoft Corp Windows -, АО «НППКТ» ОСОН ОСнова Оnyx до 2.7 (запись в едином реестре российских программ №5913)

Mitigations

Использование рекомендаций: Для Google Chrome: https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html Для Microsoft Edge: https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-0140 Для ОСОН ОСнова Оnyx (версия 2.7): Обновление программного обеспечения chromium до версии 109.0.5414.119+repack-1~deb11u1.osnova1

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "CVSS 2.0": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:C/A:N",
  "CVSS 3.0": "AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
  "CVSS 4.0": null,
  "remediation_\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": null,
  "remediation_\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435": null,
  "\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u041e": "Google Inc, Microsoft Corp, \u0410\u041e \u00ab\u041d\u041f\u041f\u041a\u0422\u00bb",
  "\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u041f\u041e": "\u0434\u043e 109.0.5414.74 (Google Chrome), \u0434\u043e 109.0.1518.49 (Microsoft Edge), \u0434\u043e 2.7 (\u041e\u0421\u041e\u041d \u041e\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041enyx)",
  "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e": "\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439:\n\u0414\u043b\u044f Google Chrome:\nhttps://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html\n\n\u0414\u043b\u044f Microsoft Edge:\nhttps://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-0140\n\n\u0414\u043b\u044f \u041e\u0421\u041e\u041d \u041e\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041enyx (\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f 2.7):\n\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f chromium \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 109.0.5414.119+repack-1~deb11u1.osnova1",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "18.05.2022",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "07.02.2025",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "03.02.2023",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": "BDU:2023-00534",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "CVE-2023-0140",
  "\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430",
  "\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e": "Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, \u041e\u0421\u041e\u041d \u041e\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041enyx (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u21165913)",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0421 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b": "Microsoft Corp Windows - , \u0410\u041e \u00ab\u041d\u041f\u041f\u041a\u0422\u00bb \u041e\u0421\u041e\u041d \u041e\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041enyx \u0434\u043e 2.7  (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u21165913)",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 File System \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 Google Chrome \u0438 Microsoft Edge, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438",
  "\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "\u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 (CWE-358)",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 File System \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 Google Chrome \u0438 Microsoft Edge \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 HTML-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b",
  "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": null,
  "\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f": null,
  "\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0411": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "\u0417\u043b\u043e\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c",
  "\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438": "https://www.cybersecurity-help.cz/vdb/SB2023011272\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0140\nhttps://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2023-0140\nhttps://\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430.\u043d\u043f\u043f\u043a\u0442.\u0440\u0444/bin/view/\u041e\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430/\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f/2.7/",
  "\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u041f\u041e": "\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u041e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "CWE-358",
  "\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 2.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 7,8)\n\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 3.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 6,5)"
}

CVE-2023-0140 (GCVE-0-2023-0140)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-10 00:00 – Updated: 2024-08-02 05:02

Summary

Inappropriate implementation in in File System API in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 109.0.5414.74 allowed a remote attacker to bypass file system restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)

Severity

No CVSS data available.

CWE

Inappropriate implementation

Assigner

Chrome Google root

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/01/sta…
https://crbug.com/1326788
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-10	vendor-advisory
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202311-11	vendor-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Google	Chrome	Affected: unspecified , < 109.0.5414.74 (custom)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T05:02:43.767Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://crbug.com/1326788"
          },
          {
            "name": "GLSA-202305-10",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-10"
          },
          {
            "name": "GLSA-202311-11",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202311-11"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Chrome",
          "vendor": "Google",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "109.0.5414.74",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "unspecified",
              "versionType": "custom"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Inappropriate implementation in in File System API in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 109.0.5414.74 allowed a remote attacker to bypass file system restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "Inappropriate implementation",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "text"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2023-11-25T11:08:05.091Z",
        "orgId": "ebfee0ef-53dd-4cf3-9e2a-08a5bd7a7e28",
        "shortName": "Chrome"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://crbug.com/1326788"
        },
        {
          "name": "GLSA-202305-10",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-10"
        },
        {
          "name": "GLSA-202311-11",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202311-11"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "ebfee0ef-53dd-4cf3-9e2a-08a5bd7a7e28",
    "assignerShortName": "Chrome",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-0140",
    "datePublished": "2023-01-10T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateReserved": "2023-01-09T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T05:02:43.767Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.