CVE-2026-98981 (GCVE-0-2026-98981)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 12:19 – Updated: 2026-10-23 12:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
namespace: unhash a dentry before detaching the mounts on it
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
namespace: unhash a dentry before detaching the mounts on it
unlink(), rmdir() and rename() remove the entry from the filesystem,
call detach_mounts() on the entry with the inode locked and then call
d_delete() once the inode is unlocked.
The thing is that between detach_mounts() and d_delete() the dentry is
still hashed and positive. But after detach_mounts() nothing covers the
dentry anymore. A lookup that finds this dentry in the dcache can
uncover what the mounts hid.
That's a problem when unlinking files or directories that are
mountpoints in other mount namespaces. Everybody who had the underlying
entry covered can race the detach_mount() call until d_delete() has run.
The race window isn't all that small. It encompasses namespace_unlock()
with a full synchronize_rcu_expedited() grace period and the
inode_unlock() of the entry.
In my experiments three walkers that kept trying read an overmounted
file in 11938 of the 16140 unlinks that removed its mountpoint from a
bind mount of the filesystem within a minute.
Fun fact, d_invalidate() has the same ordering problem but gets it
right. It unhashes the dentry first and detaches the mounts afterwards.
Let's do the same in __detach_mounts():
- A lookup that hasn't found the dentry yet misses it in the dcache and
waits for the directory lock that the caller holds until the name is
gone for good.
- A lockless lookup that found it already fails the mount_lock check
while the dentry still counts as a mountpoint and the d_seq check once
it doesn't, and retries.
This fixes the lockless path. We still need to fix the reference count
lookup in a follow-up patch.
So d_drop() the dentry. The dentry stays positive and held but can't be
found anymore. Then proceed with the detach and unlink.
Reproducer:
The reads were counted with the program below, three walkers for 60 s
in a VM with 4 CPUs. The race window is stretched with the debug patch
pasted here. fs.detach_race_walk_us sleeps in lookup_fast() once it
found a mountpoint dentry and before its mounts are crossed.
fs.detach_race_unlink_us sleeps in vfs_unlink() between detach_mounts()
and d_delete().
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* unlink_covered: unlink a file that is a mountpoint in a detached copy of
* its mount, against lookups that open it through that copy.
*
* A is a tmpfs with the file f1 (content SECRET_F) and the plain file
* MARK_A. A' is an open_tree(OPEN_TREE_CLONE) copy of A with MARK_A bound
* on A'/f1, held through an O_PATH fd on its root once the tree fd is
* closed. Walkers open f1 through that fd while the driver unlinks A/f1,
* where nothing is mounted on it. A walker may read MARK_A or get ENOENT.
* A read of SECRET_F is a hit: the name was found after its mount was
* gone. The lockless walks use openat2(RESOLVE_CACHED).
*
* usage: unlink_covered [-t seconds] [-w walkers]
*/
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdatomic.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <linux/openat2.h>
#ifndef __NR_open_tree
#define __NR_open_tree 428
#endif
#ifndef __NR_move_mount
#define __NR_move_mount 429
#endif
#ifndef __NR_openat2
#define __NR_openat2 437
#endif
#ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLONE
#define OPEN_TREE_CLONE 1
#endif
#ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC
#define OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC O_CLOEXEC
#endif
#ifndef MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH
#define MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH 0x00000004
#endif
#define WORK "/tmp/uc"
#define ADIR WORK "/A"
static int duration = 60, nwalkers = 3;
static atomic_int stop, writer_waiting;
static pthread_rwlock_t cur_lock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;
static int cur_fd = -1; /* the root of A', -1 wh
---truncated---
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
8ed936b5671bfb33d89bc60bdcc7cf0470ba52fe , < db90eecbde319527aa9480c039d32a0f5fe80574
(git)
Affected: 8ed936b5671bfb33d89bc60bdcc7cf0470ba52fe , < 8d71bfc9b3fc15d7103e82ea9dc5057541866e46 (git) Affected: 8ed936b5671bfb33d89bc60bdcc7cf0470ba52fe , < d29cd99db3db74cf3447be74d25740981789d461 (git) Affected: 8ed936b5671bfb33d89bc60bdcc7cf0470ba52fe , < 8300de4aa5d09061bfcf2af5b52c0cdba3873185 (git) Affected: 8ed936b5671bfb33d89bc60bdcc7cf0470ba52fe , < 528b383dc35d1e5caf64ddf5d35f983ae543b0d0 (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
3.18
Unaffected: 0 , < 3.18 (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.160 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.114 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.57 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.2.11 , ≤ 7.2.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.3 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed |
{
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"version": "7.2.11",
"versionType": "semver"
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{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.3",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
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}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
{
"nodes": [
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"vulnerable": true
},
{
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnamespace: unhash a dentry before detaching the mounts on it\n\nunlink(), rmdir() and rename() remove the entry from the filesystem,\ncall detach_mounts() on the entry with the inode locked and then call\nd_delete() once the inode is unlocked.\n\nThe thing is that between detach_mounts() and d_delete() the dentry is\nstill hashed and positive. But after detach_mounts() nothing covers the\ndentry anymore. A lookup that finds this dentry in the dcache can\nuncover what the mounts hid.\n\nThat\u0027s a problem when unlinking files or directories that are\nmountpoints in other mount namespaces. Everybody who had the underlying\nentry covered can race the detach_mount() call until d_delete() has run.\n\nThe race window isn\u0027t all that small. It encompasses namespace_unlock()\nwith a full synchronize_rcu_expedited() grace period and the\ninode_unlock() of the entry.\n\nIn my experiments three walkers that kept trying read an overmounted\nfile in 11938 of the 16140 unlinks that removed its mountpoint from a\nbind mount of the filesystem within a minute.\n\nFun fact, d_invalidate() has the same ordering problem but gets it\nright. It unhashes the dentry first and detaches the mounts afterwards.\nLet\u0027s do the same in __detach_mounts():\n\n- A lookup that hasn\u0027t found the dentry yet misses it in the dcache and\n waits for the directory lock that the caller holds until the name is\n gone for good.\n\n- A lockless lookup that found it already fails the mount_lock check\n while the dentry still counts as a mountpoint and the d_seq check once\n it doesn\u0027t, and retries.\n\nThis fixes the lockless path. We still need to fix the reference count\nlookup in a follow-up patch.\n\nSo d_drop() the dentry. The dentry stays positive and held but can\u0027t be\nfound anymore. Then proceed with the detach and unlink.\n\nReproducer:\n\nThe reads were counted with the program below, three walkers for 60 s\nin a VM with 4 CPUs. The race window is stretched with the debug patch\npasted here. fs.detach_race_walk_us sleeps in lookup_fast() once it\nfound a mountpoint dentry and before its mounts are crossed.\nfs.detach_race_unlink_us sleeps in vfs_unlink() between detach_mounts()\nand d_delete().\n\n // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0\n /*\n * unlink_covered: unlink a file that is a mountpoint in a detached copy of\n * its mount, against lookups that open it through that copy.\n *\n * A is a tmpfs with the file f1 (content SECRET_F) and the plain file\n * MARK_A. A\u0027 is an open_tree(OPEN_TREE_CLONE) copy of A with MARK_A bound\n * on A\u0027/f1, held through an O_PATH fd on its root once the tree fd is\n * closed. Walkers open f1 through that fd while the driver unlinks A/f1,\n * where nothing is mounted on it. A walker may read MARK_A or get ENOENT.\n * A read of SECRET_F is a hit: the name was found after its mount was\n * gone. The lockless walks use openat2(RESOLVE_CACHED).\n *\n * usage: unlink_covered [-t seconds] [-w walkers]\n */\n #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE\n #define _GNU_SOURCE\n #endif\n #include \u003cerrno.h\u003e\n #include \u003cfcntl.h\u003e\n #include \u003cpthread.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdatomic.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdio.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdlib.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstring.h\u003e\n #include \u003cunistd.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/mount.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/stat.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/syscall.h\u003e\n #include \u003clinux/openat2.h\u003e\n\n #ifndef __NR_open_tree\n #define __NR_open_tree 428\n #endif\n #ifndef __NR_move_mount\n #define __NR_move_mount 429\n #endif\n #ifndef __NR_openat2\n #define __NR_openat2 437\n #endif\n #ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLONE\n #define OPEN_TREE_CLONE 1\n #endif\n #ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC\n #define OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC O_CLOEXEC\n #endif\n #ifndef MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH\n #define MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH 0x00000004\n #endif\n\n #define WORK \"/tmp/uc\"\n #define ADIR WORK \"/A\"\n\n static int duration = 60, nwalkers = 3;\n static atomic_int stop, writer_waiting;\n static pthread_rwlock_t cur_lock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;\n static int cur_fd = -1;\t\t/* the root of A\u0027, -1 wh\n---truncated---"
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-23T12:19:58.507Z",
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"shortName": "Linux"
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db90eecbde319527aa9480c039d32a0f5fe80574"
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"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8d71bfc9b3fc15d7103e82ea9dc5057541866e46"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d29cd99db3db74cf3447be74d25740981789d461"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8300de4aa5d09061bfcf2af5b52c0cdba3873185"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/528b383dc35d1e5caf64ddf5d35f983ae543b0d0"
}
],
"title": "namespace: unhash a dentry before detaching the mounts on it",
"x_generator": {
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}
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"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-98981",
"datePublished": "2026-10-23T12:19:58.507Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-25T10:25:14.384Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-23T12:19:58.507Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"nvd": {
"cve": {
"affected": [
{
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],
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"vendor": "Linux",
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"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
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"version": "0",
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},
{
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"version": "6.6.160",
"versionType": "semver"
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"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnamespace: unhash a dentry before detaching the mounts on it\n\nunlink(), rmdir() and rename() remove the entry from the filesystem,\ncall detach_mounts() on the entry with the inode locked and then call\nd_delete() once the inode is unlocked.\n\nThe thing is that between detach_mounts() and d_delete() the dentry is\nstill hashed and positive. But after detach_mounts() nothing covers the\ndentry anymore. A lookup that finds this dentry in the dcache can\nuncover what the mounts hid.\n\nThat\u0027s a problem when unlinking files or directories that are\nmountpoints in other mount namespaces. Everybody who had the underlying\nentry covered can race the detach_mount() call until d_delete() has run.\n\nThe race window isn\u0027t all that small. It encompasses namespace_unlock()\nwith a full synchronize_rcu_expedited() grace period and the\ninode_unlock() of the entry.\n\nIn my experiments three walkers that kept trying read an overmounted\nfile in 11938 of the 16140 unlinks that removed its mountpoint from a\nbind mount of the filesystem within a minute.\n\nFun fact, d_invalidate() has the same ordering problem but gets it\nright. It unhashes the dentry first and detaches the mounts afterwards.\nLet\u0027s do the same in __detach_mounts():\n\n- A lookup that hasn\u0027t found the dentry yet misses it in the dcache and\n waits for the directory lock that the caller holds until the name is\n gone for good.\n\n- A lockless lookup that found it already fails the mount_lock check\n while the dentry still counts as a mountpoint and the d_seq check once\n it doesn\u0027t, and retries.\n\nThis fixes the lockless path. We still need to fix the reference count\nlookup in a follow-up patch.\n\nSo d_drop() the dentry. The dentry stays positive and held but can\u0027t be\nfound anymore. Then proceed with the detach and unlink.\n\nReproducer:\n\nThe reads were counted with the program below, three walkers for 60 s\nin a VM with 4 CPUs. The race window is stretched with the debug patch\npasted here. fs.detach_race_walk_us sleeps in lookup_fast() once it\nfound a mountpoint dentry and before its mounts are crossed.\nfs.detach_race_unlink_us sleeps in vfs_unlink() between detach_mounts()\nand d_delete().\n\n // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0\n /*\n * unlink_covered: unlink a file that is a mountpoint in a detached copy of\n * its mount, against lookups that open it through that copy.\n *\n * A is a tmpfs with the file f1 (content SECRET_F) and the plain file\n * MARK_A. A\u0027 is an open_tree(OPEN_TREE_CLONE) copy of A with MARK_A bound\n * on A\u0027/f1, held through an O_PATH fd on its root once the tree fd is\n * closed. Walkers open f1 through that fd while the driver unlinks A/f1,\n * where nothing is mounted on it. A walker may read MARK_A or get ENOENT.\n * A read of SECRET_F is a hit: the name was found after its mount was\n * gone. The lockless walks use openat2(RESOLVE_CACHED).\n *\n * usage: unlink_covered [-t seconds] [-w walkers]\n */\n #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE\n #define _GNU_SOURCE\n #endif\n #include \u003cerrno.h\u003e\n #include \u003cfcntl.h\u003e\n #include \u003cpthread.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdatomic.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdio.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstdlib.h\u003e\n #include \u003cstring.h\u003e\n #include \u003cunistd.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/mount.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/stat.h\u003e\n #include \u003csys/syscall.h\u003e\n #include \u003clinux/openat2.h\u003e\n\n #ifndef __NR_open_tree\n #define __NR_open_tree 428\n #endif\n #ifndef __NR_move_mount\n #define __NR_move_mount 429\n #endif\n #ifndef __NR_openat2\n #define __NR_openat2 437\n #endif\n #ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLONE\n #define OPEN_TREE_CLONE 1\n #endif\n #ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC\n #define OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC O_CLOEXEC\n #endif\n #ifndef MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH\n #define MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH 0x00000004\n #endif\n\n #define WORK \"/tmp/uc\"\n #define ADIR WORK \"/A\"\n\n static int duration = 60, nwalkers = 3;\n static atomic_int stop, writer_waiting;\n static pthread_rwlock_t cur_lock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;\n static int cur_fd = -1;\t\t/* the root of A\u0027, -1 wh\n---truncated---"
}
],
"id": "CVE-2026-98981",
"lastModified": "2026-10-23T13:17:19.890",
"metrics": {},
"published": "2026-10-23T13:17:19.890",
"references": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/528b383dc35d1e5caf64ddf5d35f983ae543b0d0"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8300de4aa5d09061bfcf2af5b52c0cdba3873185"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8d71bfc9b3fc15d7103e82ea9dc5057541866e46"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d29cd99db3db74cf3447be74d25740981789d461"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db90eecbde319527aa9480c039d32a0f5fe80574"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"vulnStatus": "Received"
}
}
}
}
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Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.