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CVE-2026-27830 (GCVE-0-2026-27830)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 00:45 – Updated: 2026-08-18 12:05
VLAI
Title
c3p0 vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via unsafe deserialization of userOverridesAsString property
Summary
c3p0, a JDBC Connection pooling library, is vulnerable to attack via maliciously crafted Java-serialized objects and `javax.naming.Reference` instances. Several c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` implementations have a property called `userOverridesAsString` which conceptually represents a `Map<String,Map<String,String>>`. Prior to v0.12.0, that property was maintained as a hex-encoded serialized object. Any attacker able to reset this property, on an existing `ConnectionPoolDataSource` or via maliciously crafted serialized objects or `javax.naming.Reference` instances could be tailored execute unexpected code on the application's `CLASSPATH`. The danger of this vulnerability was strongly magnified by vulnerabilities in c3p0's main dependency, mchange-commons-java. This library includes code that mirrors early implementations of JNDI functionality, including ungated support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values. Attackers could set c3p0's `userOverridesAsString` hex-encoded serialized objects that include objects "indirectly serialized" via JNDI references. Deserialization of those objects and dereferencing of the embedded `javax.naming.Reference` objects could provoke download and execution of malicious code from a remote `factoryClassLocation`. Although hazard presented by c3p0's vulnerabilites are exarcerbated by vulnerabilities in mchange-commons-java, use of Java-serialized-object hex as the format for a writable Java-Bean property, of objects that may be exposed across JNDI interfaces, represents a serious independent fragility. The `userOverridesAsString` property of c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` classes has been reimplemented to use a safe CSV-based format, rather than rely upon potentially dangerous Java object deserialization. c3p0-0.12.0+ and above depend upon mchange-commons-java 0.4.0+, which gates support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values by configuration parameters that default to restrictive values. c3p0 additionally enforces the new mchange-commons-java `com.mchange.v2.naming.nameGuardClassName` to prevent injection of unexpected, potentially remote JNDI names. There is no supported workaround for versions of c3p0 prior to 0.12.0.
Severity
8.9 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-02 03:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
swaldman c3p0 Affected: < 0.12.0
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4.14.4 for Spring Boot 3.5.11     cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_spring_boot:4.14
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Red Hat Red Hat Build of Debezium 3.2     cpe:/a:redhat:debezium:3
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8.1     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8.1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8.1 for RHEL 8 Unaffected: 0:6.6.48-1.Final_redhat_00001.1.el8eap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8.1::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8.1 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:6.6.48-1.Final_redhat_00001.1.el9eap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8.1::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:4.6.6-1.el9sat , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Apache Camel - HawtIO 4     cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_hawtio:4
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Debezium 2     cpe:/a:redhat:debezium:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Debezium 3     cpe:/a:redhat:debezium:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Fuse 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack     cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
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Red Hat Red Hat Process Automation 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_bpms_platform:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Satellite 6     cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6
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Red Hat streams for Apache Kafka 2     cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:2
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat streams for Apache Kafka 3     cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:3
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          "value": "c3p0, a JDBC Connection pooling library, is vulnerable to attack via maliciously crafted Java-serialized objects and `javax.naming.Reference` instances. Several c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` implementations have a property called `userOverridesAsString` which conceptually represents a `Map\u003cString,Map\u003cString,String\u003e\u003e`. Prior to v0.12.0, that property was maintained as a hex-encoded serialized object. Any attacker able to reset this property, on an existing `ConnectionPoolDataSource` or via maliciously crafted serialized objects or `javax.naming.Reference` instances could be tailored execute unexpected code on the application\u0027s `CLASSPATH`. The danger of this vulnerability was strongly magnified by vulnerabilities in c3p0\u0027s main dependency, mchange-commons-java. This library includes code that mirrors early implementations of JNDI functionality, including ungated support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values. Attackers could set c3p0\u0027s `userOverridesAsString` hex-encoded serialized objects that include objects \"indirectly serialized\" via JNDI references. Deserialization of those objects and dereferencing of the embedded `javax.naming.Reference` objects could provoke download and execution of malicious code from a remote `factoryClassLocation`. Although hazard presented by c3p0\u0027s vulnerabilites are exarcerbated by vulnerabilities in mchange-commons-java, use of Java-serialized-object hex as the format for a writable Java-Bean property, of objects that may be exposed across JNDI interfaces, represents a serious independent fragility. The `userOverridesAsString` property of c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` classes has been reimplemented to use a safe CSV-based format, rather than rely upon potentially dangerous Java object deserialization. c3p0-0.12.0+ and above depend upon mchange-commons-java 0.4.0+, which gates support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values by configuration parameters that default to restrictive values. c3p0 additionally enforces the new mchange-commons-java `com.mchange.v2.naming.nameGuardClassName` to prevent injection of unexpected, potentially remote JNDI names. There is no supported workaround for versions of c3p0 prior to 0.12.0."
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            "attackVector": "ADJACENT",
            "baseScore": 8.9,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
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            "userInteraction": "NONE",
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            {
              "cweId": "CWE-502",
              "description": "CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data",
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              "cweId": "CWE-94",
              "description": "CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
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      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T00:45:18.222Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
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        {
          "name": "https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/security/advisories/GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/security/advisories/GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/commit/e14cbd8166e423e2e9a9d6f08b2add3433492d6e",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/commit/e14cbd8166e423e2e9a9d6f08b2add3433492d6e"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://mogwailabs.de/en/blog/2025/02/c3p0-you-little-rascal",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://mogwailabs.de/en/blog/2025/02/c3p0-you-little-rascal"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#configuring_security",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#configuring_security"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#security-note",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#security-note"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "c3p0 vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via unsafe deserialization of userOverridesAsString property"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-27830",
    "datePublished": "2026-02-26T00:45:18.222Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-02-24T02:32:39.800Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-18T12:05:25.572Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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The danger of this vulnerability was strongly magnified by vulnerabilities in c3p0\u0027s main dependency, mchange-commons-java. This library includes code that mirrors early implementations of JNDI functionality, including ungated support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values. Attackers could set c3p0\u0027s `userOverridesAsString` hex-encoded serialized objects that include objects \\\"indirectly serialized\\\" via JNDI references. Deserialization of those objects and dereferencing of the embedded `javax.naming.Reference` objects could provoke download and execution of malicious code from a remote `factoryClassLocation`. Although hazard presented by c3p0\u0027s vulnerabilites are exarcerbated by vulnerabilities in mchange-commons-java, use of Java-serialized-object hex as the format for a writable Java-Bean property, of objects that may be exposed across JNDI interfaces, represents a serious independent fragility. 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Varias implementaciones de `ConnectionPoolDataSource` de c3p0 tienen una propiedad llamada `userOverridesAsString` que representa conceptualmente un `Map\u0026gt;`. Antes de la v0.12.0, esa propiedad se manten\u00eda como un objeto serializado codificado en hexadecimal. Cualquier atacante capaz de restablecer esta propiedad, en un `ConnectionPoolDataSource` existente o a trav\u00e9s de objetos serializados creados maliciosamente o instancias de `javax.naming.Reference`, podr\u00eda ser manipulado para ejecutar c\u00f3digo inesperado en el `CLASSPATH` de la aplicaci\u00f3n. El peligro de esta vulnerabilidad fue fuertemente magnificado por vulnerabilidades en la dependencia principal de c3p0, mchange-commons-java. Esta biblioteca incluye c\u00f3digo que refleja implementaciones tempranas de la funcionalidad JNDI, incluyendo soporte sin restricciones para valores remotos de `factoryClassLocation`. Los atacantes podr\u00edan establecer objetos serializados codificados en hexadecimal de `userOverridesAsString` de c3p0 que incluyen objetos \u0027serializados indirectamente\u0027 a trav\u00e9s de referencias JNDI. La deserializaci\u00f3n de esos objetos y la desreferenciaci\u00f3n de los objetos `javax.naming.Reference` incrustados podr\u00edan provocar la descarga y ejecuci\u00f3n de c\u00f3digo malicioso desde un `factoryClassLocation` remoto. Aunque el peligro presentado por las vulnerabilidades de c3p0 se ve exacerbado por las vulnerabilidades en mchange-commons-java, el uso de hexadecimal de objetos serializados en Java como formato para una propiedad Java-Bean escribible, de objetos que pueden ser expuestos a trav\u00e9s de interfaces JNDI, representa una grave fragilidad independiente. La propiedad `userOverridesAsString` de las clases `ConnectionPoolDataSource` de c3p0 ha sido reimplementada para usar un formato seguro basado en CSV, en lugar de depender de la deserializaci\u00f3n de objetos Java potencialmente peligrosa. c3p0-0.12.0+ y versiones superiores dependen de mchange-commons-java 0.4.0+, que restringe el soporte para valores remotos de `factoryClassLocation` mediante par\u00e1metros de configuraci\u00f3n que por defecto son valores restrictivos. c3p0 adicionalmente impone el nuevo `com.mchange.v2.naming.nameGuardClassName` de mchange-commons-java para prevenir la inyecci\u00f3n de nombres JNDI inesperados, potencialmente remotos. No hay soluci\u00f3n alternativa soportada para versiones de c3p0 anteriores a la 0.12.0.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"security-advisories@github.com\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"swaldman\",\"product\":\"c3p0\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"\u003c 0.12.0\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]}]},{\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4.14.4 for Spring Boot 3.5.11\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"com.mchange/c3p0\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_spring_boot:4.14\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Build of Debezium 3.2\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"com.mchange/c3p0\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/a:redhat:debezium:3\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat JBoss 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This vulnerability allows an attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution by providing maliciously crafted Java-serialized objects or `javax.naming.Reference` instances. By manipulating the `userOverridesAsString` property, an attacker can cause the application to download and execute malicious code from a remote location on its CLASSPATH.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-502\", \"description\": \"Deserialization of Untrusted Data\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\", \"shortName\": \"redhat-SADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-17T12:05:10.547Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2026-27830\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-05-02T03:55:34.556407Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-27T16:25:47.891Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"c3p0 vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via unsafe deserialization of userOverridesAsString property\", \"source\": {\"advisory\": \"GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv\", \"discovery\": \"UNKNOWN\"}, \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV4_0\": {\"version\": \"4.0\", \"baseScore\": 8.9, \"attackVector\": \"ADJACENT\", \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"attackRequirements\": \"PRESENT\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"subIntegrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"vulnIntegrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"subAvailabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"vulnAvailabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"subConfidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"vulnConfidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"swaldman\", \"product\": \"c3p0\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"\u003c 0.12.0\"}]}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/security/advisories/GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/security/advisories/GHSA-5476-xc4j-rqcv\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_CONFIRM\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/commit/e14cbd8166e423e2e9a9d6f08b2add3433492d6e\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/swaldman/c3p0/commit/e14cbd8166e423e2e9a9d6f08b2add3433492d6e\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://mogwailabs.de/en/blog/2025/02/c3p0-you-little-rascal\", \"name\": \"https://mogwailabs.de/en/blog/2025/02/c3p0-you-little-rascal\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#configuring_security\", \"name\": \"https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#configuring_security\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#security-note\", \"name\": \"https://www.mchange.com/projects/c3p0/#security-note\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}], \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"c3p0, a JDBC Connection pooling library, is vulnerable to attack via maliciously crafted Java-serialized objects and `javax.naming.Reference` instances. Several c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` implementations have a property called `userOverridesAsString` which conceptually represents a `Map\u003cString,Map\u003cString,String\u003e\u003e`. Prior to v0.12.0, that property was maintained as a hex-encoded serialized object. Any attacker able to reset this property, on an existing `ConnectionPoolDataSource` or via maliciously crafted serialized objects or `javax.naming.Reference` instances could be tailored execute unexpected code on the application\u0027s `CLASSPATH`. The danger of this vulnerability was strongly magnified by vulnerabilities in c3p0\u0027s main dependency, mchange-commons-java. This library includes code that mirrors early implementations of JNDI functionality, including ungated support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values. Attackers could set c3p0\u0027s `userOverridesAsString` hex-encoded serialized objects that include objects \\\"indirectly serialized\\\" via JNDI references. Deserialization of those objects and dereferencing of the embedded `javax.naming.Reference` objects could provoke download and execution of malicious code from a remote `factoryClassLocation`. Although hazard presented by c3p0\u0027s vulnerabilites are exarcerbated by vulnerabilities in mchange-commons-java, use of Java-serialized-object hex as the format for a writable Java-Bean property, of objects that may be exposed across JNDI interfaces, represents a serious independent fragility. The `userOverridesAsString` property of c3p0 `ConnectionPoolDataSource` classes has been reimplemented to use a safe CSV-based format, rather than rely upon potentially dangerous Java object deserialization. c3p0-0.12.0+ and above depend upon mchange-commons-java 0.4.0+, which gates support for remote `factoryClassLocation` values by configuration parameters that default to restrictive values. c3p0 additionally enforces the new mchange-commons-java `com.mchange.v2.naming.nameGuardClassName` to prevent injection of unexpected, potentially remote JNDI names. There is no supported workaround for versions of c3p0 prior to 0.12.0.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-502\", \"description\": \"CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data\"}]}, {\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-94\", \"description\": \"CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027)\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"shortName\": \"GitHub_M\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-26T00:45:18.222Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2026-27830\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-17T12:05:10.547Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2026-02-24T02:32:39.800Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"datePublished\": \"2026-02-26T00:45:18.222Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"GitHub_M\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.