CVE-2025-9312 (GCVE-0-2025-9312)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-18 12:05 – Updated: 2025-11-18 17:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Certificate-Based Authentication Enforcement in Multiple WSO2 Products
Summary
A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Due to improper validation of client certificate–based authentication in certain default configurations, the affected components may permit unauthenticated requests even when mTLS is enabled. This condition occurs when relying on the default mTLS settings for System REST APIs or when the mTLS authenticator is enabled for SOAP services, causing these interfaces to accept requests without enforcing additional authentication.
Successful exploitation allows a malicious actor with network access to the affected endpoints to gain administrative privileges and perform unauthorized operations. The vulnerability is exploitable only when the impacted mTLS flows are enabled and accessible in a given deployment. Other certificate-based authentication mechanisms such as Mutual TLS OAuth client authentication and X.509 login flows are not affected, and APIs served through the API Gateway of WSO2 API Manager remain unaffected.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-18 17:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
10 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WSO2 | WSO2 API Manager |
Unknown:
0 , < 2.2.0
(custom)
Affected: 2.2.0 , < 2.2.0.58 (custom) Affected: 2.5.0 , < 2.5.0.84 (custom) Affected: 2.6.0 , < 2.6.0.145 (custom) Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.0.0.175 (custom) Affected: 3.1.0 , < 3.1.0.339 (custom) Affected: 3.2.0 , < 3.2.0.439 (custom) Affected: 3.2.1 , < 3.2.1.59 (custom) Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.0.0.359 (custom) Affected: 4.1.0 , < 4.1.0.222 (custom) Affected: 4.2.0 , < 4.2.0.161 (custom) Affected: 4.3.0 , < 4.3.0.73 (custom) Affected: 4.4.0 , < 4.4.0.37 (custom) Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.21 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 API Control Plane |
Affected:
4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.22
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Traffic Manager |
Affected:
4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.20
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Universal Gateway |
Affected:
4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.20
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager |
Unknown:
0 , < 5.3.0
(custom)
Affected: 5.3.0 , < 5.3.0.39 (custom) Affected: 5.5.0 , < 5.5.0.52 (custom) Affected: 5.6.0 , < 5.6.0.74 (custom) Affected: 5.7.0 , < 5.7.0.124 (custom) Affected: 5.9.0 , < 5.9.0.175 (custom) Affected: 5.10.0 , < 5.10.0.358 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server_as_key_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Identity Server |
Unknown:
0 , < 5.2.0
(custom)
Affected: 5.2.0 , < 5.2.0.33 (custom) Affected: 5.3.0 , < 5.3.0.34 (custom) Affected: 5.4.0 , < 5.4.0.33 (custom) Affected: 5.4.1 , < 5.4.1.37 (custom) Affected: 5.5.0 , < 5.5.0.51 (custom) Affected: 5.6.0 , < 5.6.0.59 (custom) Affected: 5.7.0 , < 5.7.0.125 (custom) Affected: 5.8.0 , < 5.8.0.109 (custom) Affected: 5.9.0 , < 5.9.0.168 (custom) Affected: 5.10.0 , < 5.10.0.368 (custom) Affected: 5.11.0 , < 5.11.0.411 (custom) Affected: 6.0.0 , < 6.0.0.243 (custom) Affected: 6.1.0 , < 6.1.0.241 (custom) Affected: 7.0.0 , < 7.0.0.116 (custom) Affected: 7.1.0 , < 7.1.0.23 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_identity_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Open Banking KM |
Unknown:
0 , < 1.4.0
(custom)
Affected: 1.4.0 , < 1.4.0.132 (custom) Affected: 1.5.0 , < 1.5.0.122 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_km:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_km:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Open Banking AM |
Unknown:
0 , < 1.4.0
(custom)
Affected: 1.4.0 , < 1.4.0.138 (custom) Affected: 1.5.0 , < 1.5.0.139 (custom) Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.0.0.388 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_am:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_am:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_am:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | WSO2 Open Banking IAM |
Affected:
2.0.0 , < 2.0.0.408
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_open_banking_iam:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
||
| WSO2 | org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service |
Affected:
1.1.1 , < 1.1.1.2
(custom)
Affected: 1.1.16 , < 1.1.16.3 (custom) Affected: 1.1.18 , < 1.1.18.4 (custom) Affected: 1.1.20 , < 1.1.20.5 (custom) Affected: 1.1.26 , < 1.1.26.7 (custom) Affected: 1.3.6 , < 1.3.6.8 (custom) Affected: 1.4.0 , < 1.4.0.18 (custom) Affected: 1.4.25 , < 1.4.25.24 (custom) Affected: 1.4.52 , < 1.4.52.4 (custom) Affected: 1.6.1 , < 1.6.1.11 (custom) Affected: 1.7.1 , < 1.7.1.4 (custom) Affected: 1.8.11 , < 1.8.11.6 (custom) Affected: 1.8.41 , < 1.8.41.2 (custom) Affected: 1.9.4 , < 1.9.4.4 (custom) Affected: 1.9.18 , < 1.9.18.2 (custom) Unaffected: 5.5.2 , ≤ 5.5.2.* (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:wso2:org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"versionStartIncluding": "1.8.41",
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"value": "A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Due to improper validation of client certificate\u2013based authentication in certain default configurations, the affected components may permit unauthenticated requests even when mTLS is enabled. This condition occurs when relying on the default mTLS settings for System REST APIs or when the mTLS authenticator is enabled for SOAP services, causing these interfaces to accept requests without enforcing additional authentication.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSuccessful exploitation allows a malicious actor with network access to the affected endpoints to gain administrative privileges and perform unauthorized operations. The vulnerability is exploitable only when the impacted mTLS flows are enabled and accessible in a given deployment. Other certificate-based authentication mechanisms such as Mutual TLS OAuth client authentication and X.509 login flows are not affected, and APIs served through the API Gateway of WSO2 API Manager remain unaffected."
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],
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"dateUpdated": "2025-11-18T12:49:08.200Z",
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"shortName": "WSO2"
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"source": {
"advisory": "WSO2-2025-4494",
"discovery": "INTERNAL"
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"title": "Improper Certificate-Based Authentication Enforcement in Multiple WSO2 Products",
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"cveId": "CVE-2025-9312",
"datePublished": "2025-11-18T12:05:22.207Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-08-21T07:28:14.505Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-18T17:38:15.686Z",
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}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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