Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2025-42876 (GCVE-0-2025-42876)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-09 02:14 – Updated: 2025-12-09 16:02

Title

Missing Authorization Check in SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger)

Summary

Due to a Missing Authorization Check vulnerability in SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger), an authenticated attacker with authorization limited to a single company code could read sensitive data and post or modify documents across all company codes. Successful exploitation could result in a high impact to confidentiality and a low impact to integrity, while availability remains unaffected.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-12-09 14:23 UTC

CWE

CWE-405 - Asymmetric Resource Consumption

Assigner

sap mitre root Scorecard

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://me.sap.com/notes/3672151
https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
SAP_SE	SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger)	Affected: S4CORE 104 Affected: 105 Affected: 106 Affected: 107 Affected: 108 Affected: 109	guessed

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BDU:2025-16191 (CVE-2025-42876)

Vulnerability from fstec – Published: 2025-12-23 – Updated: 2025-12-23 – View on bdu.fstec.ru Fixed

Title

Уязвимость компонента Financials General Ledger программной платформы SAP S/4HANA, позволяющая нарушителю получить доступ на чтение и изменение данных

Summary

Уязвимость компонента Financials General Ledger программной платформы SAP S/4HANA связана с неконтролируемым потреблением ресурсов. Эксплуатация уязвимости может позволить нарушителю, действующему удалённо, получить доступ на чтение и изменение данных

Severity

7.5 (High) CVSS 2.0


                      
                        AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:P/A:N

7.1 (High) CVSS 3.1


                      
                        CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Class

Code vulnerability

Status

Confirmed by the vendor

Exploitation

Resource exhaustion

Incidents

Being clarified

Remediation

Software update

CWE

CWE-405 - Асимметричное потребление ресурсов (Усиление)

Aliases

CVE-2025-42876

References

1 reference

URL
https://support.sap.com/en/my-support/knowledge-base/security-notes-news/decemb…

Impacted products

1 product from 1 vendor

Vendors

SAP

Products

SAP S/4 HANA

Versions

S4CORE 104 (SAP S/4 HANA), S4CORE 105 (SAP S/4 HANA), S4CORE 106 (SAP S/4 HANA), S4CORE 107 (SAP S/4 HANA), S4CORE 108 (SAP S/4 HANA), S4CORE 109 (SAP S/4 HANA)

Product types

Application software

Mitigations

Использование рекомендаций производителя: https://support.sap.com/en/my-support/knowledge-base/security-notes-news/december-2025.html

Credits

Данная уязвимость затрагивает платформу SAP S4HANA Private Edition (неофициально также называемая SAP Private Cloud).

JSON

To clipboard

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  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 Financials General Ledger \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b SAP S/4HANA, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445",
  "\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "\u0410\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 (\u0423\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435) (CWE-405)",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 Financials General Ledger \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b SAP S/4HANA \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445",
  "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": null,
  "\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 SAP S4HANA Private Edition (\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f SAP Private Cloud).",
  "\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0411": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "\u0418\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432",
  "\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438": "https://support.sap.com/en/my-support/knowledge-base/security-notes-news/december-2025.html",
  "\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u041f\u041e": "\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u041e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "CWE-405",
  "\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 2.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 7,5)\n\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 3.1 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 7,1)"
}

CERTFR-2025-AVI-1079

Vulnerability from certfr_avis - Published: 2025-12-09 - Updated: 2025-12-09

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans les produits SAP. Certaines d'entre elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une exécution de code arbitraire à distance, un déni de service à distance et une atteinte à la confidentialité des données.

Solutions

Se référer au bulletin de sécurité de l'éditeur pour l'obtention des correctifs (cf. section Documentation).

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Description
SAP	SAPUI5 framework	SAPUI5 framework (Markdown-it component) versions SAP_UI 755, 756, 757 et 758 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	BusinessObjects	Business Objects versions ENTERPRISE 430, 2025 et 2027 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	NetWeaver	NetWeaver Internet Communication Framework versions SAP_BASIS 700, SAP_BASIS 701, SAP_BASIS 702, SAP_BASIS 731, SAP_BASIS 740, SAP_BASIS 750, SAP_BASIS 751, SAP_BASIS 752, SAP_BASIS 753, SAP_BASIS 754, SAP_BASIS 755, SAP_BASIS 756, SAP_BASIS 757 et SAP_BASIS 758 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Web Dispatcher, Internet Communication Manager et Content Server	Web Dispatcher, Internet Communication Manager et Content Server versions KRNL64UC 7.53, WEBDISP 7.53, 7.54, XS_ADVANCED_RUNTIME 1.00, SAP_EXTENDED_APP_SERVICES 1, CONTSERV 7.53, 7.54, KERNEL 7.53 et 7.54 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	jConnect	jConnect - SDK for ASE versions SYBASE_SOFTWARE_DEVELOPER_KIT 16.0.4 et 16.1 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	NetWeaver Enterprise Portal	NetWeaver Enterprise Portal version EP-RUNTIME 7.50 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Enterprise Search pour ABAP	Enterprise Search pour ABAP versions SAP_BASIS 752, SAP_BASIS 753, SAP_BASIS 754, SAP_BASIS 755, SAP_BASIS 756, SAP_BASIS 757, SAP_BASIS 758 et SAP_BASIS 816 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Web Dispatcher et Internet Communication Manager (ICM)	Web Dispatcher et Internet Communication Manager (ICM) versions KRNL64NUC 7.22, 7.22EXT, KRNL64UC 7.22, 7.22EXT, 7.53, WEBDISP 7.22_EXT, 7.53, 7.54, 7.77, 7.89, 7.93, 9.16, KERNEL 7.22, 7.53, 7.54, 7.77, 7.89, 7.93 et 9.16 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	S/4HANA	S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger) versions S4CORE 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 et 109 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	NetWeaver	NetWeaver (remote service for Xcelsius) versions BI-BASE-E 7.50, BI-BASE-B 7.50, BI-IBC 7.50, BI-BASE-S 7.50 et BIWEBAPP 7.50 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Commerce Cloud	Commerce Cloud versions HY_COM 2205, COM_CLOUD 2211 et COM_CLOUD 2211-JDK21 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Business Objects Business Intelligence Platform	Business Objects Business Intelligence Platform versions ENTERPRISE 430, 2025 et 2027 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Solution Manager	Solution Manager version ST 720 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité
SAP	Application Server ABAP	Application Server ABAP versions KRNL64UC 7.53, KERNEL 7.53, 7.54, 7.77, 7.89, 7.93, 9.16 et 9.17 sans le dernier correctif de sécurité

References

Title

Publication Time

FKIE_CVE-2025-42876

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-12-09 16:17 - Updated: 2026-06-17 09:23

Severity

7.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	cna@sap.com	https://me.sap.com/notes/3672151
	cna@sap.com	https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger)",
          "vendor": "SAP_SE",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "S4CORE 104"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "105"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "106"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "107"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "108"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "109"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "cna@sap.com"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Due to a Missing Authorization Check vulnerability in SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger), an authenticated attacker with authorization limited to a single company code could read sensitive data and post or modify documents across all company codes. Successful exploitation could result in a high impact to confidentiality and a low impact to integrity, while availability remains unaffected."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-42876",
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T09:23:10.480",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 7.1,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
        "impactScore": 4.2,
        "source": "cna@sap.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2025-42876",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "none"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2025-12-09T14:23:41.611031Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-12-09T16:17:51.857",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "cna@sap.com",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3672151"
    },
    {
      "source": "cna@sap.com",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "cna@sap.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-405"
        }
      ],
      "source": "cna@sap.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-524P-RWPG-QG57

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-09 18:30

Details

Severity

7.1 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-42876"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:17:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Due to a Missing Authorization Check vulnerability in SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud (Financials General Ledger), an authenticated attacker with authorization limited to a single company code could read sensitive data and post or modify documents across all company codes. Successful exploitation could result in a high impact to confidentiality and a low impact to integrity, while availability remains unaffected.",
  "id": "GHSA-524p-rwpg-qg57",
  "modified": "2025-12-09T18:30:37Z",
  "published": "2025-12-09T18:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-42876"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3672151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

NCSC-2025-0395

Vulnerability from csaf_ncscnl - Published: 2025-12-12 09:29 - Updated: 2025-12-12 09:29

Summary

Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in SAP Software

Scope

14 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2025-42876.

CVE-2025-42876

A vulnerability in SAP S/4 HANA Private Cloud allows authenticated attackers with limited authorization to access sensitive data and modify documents, posing a high confidentiality risk but low integrity risk.

7.1 (High)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Known affected: 11 products

Open the full advisory

WID-SEC-W-2025-2768

Vulnerability from csaf_certbund - Published: 2025-12-08 23:00 - Updated: 2025-12-08 23:00

Summary

SAP Patchday Dezember 2025: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Severity

Kritisch

Scope

15 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2025-42876.

CVE-2025-42876

Known affected: 1 product

Open the full advisory

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2025-42876 (GCVE-0-2025-42876)

BDU:2025-16191 (CVE-2025-42876)

CERTFR-2025-AVI-1079

Solutions

FKIE_CVE-2025-42876

GHSA-524P-RWPG-QG57

NCSC-2025-0395

WID-SEC-W-2025-2768

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour