CVE-2025-40319 (GCVE-0-2025-40319)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-08 00:46 – Updated: 2026-10-15 22:02
VLAI
Title
bpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer Fix a race where irq_work can be queued in bpf_ringbuf_commit() but the ring buffer is freed before the work executes. In the syzbot reproducer, a BPF program attached to sched_switch triggers bpf_ringbuf_commit(), queuing an irq_work. If the ring buffer is freed before this work executes, the irq_work thread may accesses freed memory. Calling `irq_work_sync(&rb->work)` ensures that all pending irq_work complete before freeing the buffer.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 21:59 UTC
Assigner
Linux CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 6641 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < 47626748a2a00068dbbd5836d19076637b4e235b (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < de2ce6b14bc3e565708a39bdba3ef9162aeffc72 (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < e1828c7a8d8135e21ff6adaaa9458c32aae13b11 (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < 6451141103547f4efd774e912418a3b4318046c6 (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < 10ca3b2eec384628bc9f5d8190aed9427ad2dde6 (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < 430e15544f11f8de26b2b5109c7152f71b78295e (git)
Affected: 457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab , < 4e9077638301816a7d73fa1e1b4c1db4a7e3b59c (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 5.8
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.8 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.247 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.197 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.159 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.117 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.58 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.17.8 , ≤ 6.17.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
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                "id": "CVE-2025-40319",
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through the `bpf()` syscall \u2014 creating a ringbuf map, loading a program that calls `bpf_ringbuf_output`/`submit`, and closing the fds to drive `ringbuf_map_free()`. There is no path for a remote peer to load BPF programs, so local system access is required.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race: he triggers `bpf_ringbuf_commit()` on demand (loopback packet into his own socket filter, using `BPF_RB_FORCE_WAKEUP` to guarantee `irq_work_queue()` on every commit) and separately triggers the free by detaching and closing the map/prog fds, looping unboundedly. On PREEMPT_RT the work is deferred to the `irq_workd` kthread and on architectures without `arch_irq_work_has_interrupt()` to the next tick, widening the window to milliseconds; syzbot both reproduced the bug and confirmed the fix.\nPR:L - `BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF`/`USER_RINGBUF` are listed as unprivileged map types in `map_create()`, the ringbuf helpers sit above the `CAP_BPF` gate in `bpf_base_func_proto()`, `BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER` is exempt from the CAP_BPF prog-load check, and `SO_ATTACH_BPF` has no capability check \u2014 so an ordinary unprivileged user can build the entire chain on the upstream default `unprivileged_bpf_disabled=0`.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step himself \u2014 map creation, program load, socket attach, packet injection, and fd close \u2014 with no victim action or cooperating process required.\nS:U - The use-after-free corrupts kernel memory and the per-CPU irq_work list within the same security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `irq_work_single()` and `bpf_ringbuf_notify()`/`wake_up_all()` read `work-\u003enode.llist`, `work-\u003efunc`, `work-\u003eirqwait.task`, and the `waitq` list head out of freed memory, and the vmalloc VA range can be reclaimed with a large vmalloc-backed `BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY` whose contents the attacker sets \u2014 turning the dangling traversal into an arbitrary kernel-memory read/disclosure primitive.\nI:H - The irq_work core performs `atomic_set()`/`atomic_cmpxchg()` writes into the freed object and an indirect call `work-\u003efunc(work)` on a pointer read from it, while `wake_up_all()` adds `list_del_init()` unlink writes and a second function-pointer call \u2014 after VA-range reclamation with controlled data this is a direct control-flow hijack and arbitrary-write path to privilege escalation.\nA:H - This is a use-after-free reported by syzbot as a KASAN splat; in the common case the irq_work dereferences an already-unmapped vmalloc address from hardirq or the `irq_workd` kthread, producing an unhandled page fault and kernel panic, and it can be re-triggered in a loop."
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    "datePublished": "2025-12-08T00:46:46.448Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.186Z",
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      "id": "msrc_CVE-2025-40319",
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            "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer\n\nFix a race where irq_work can be queued in bpf_ringbuf_commit()\nbut the ring buffer is freed before the work executes.\nIn the syzbot reproducer, a BPF program attached to sched_switch\ntriggers bpf_ringbuf_commit(), queuing an irq_work. If the ring buffer\nis freed before this work executes, the irq_work thread may accesses\nfreed memory.\nCalling `irq_work_sync(\u0026rb-\u003ework)` ensures that all pending irq_work\ncomplete before freeing the buffer."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "En el kernel de Linux, la siguiente vulnerabilidad ha sido resuelta:\n\nbpf: Sincronizar el trabajo IRQ pendiente antes de liberar el b\u00fafer de anillo\n\nCorrige una condici\u00f3n de carrera donde irq_work puede ser encolado en bpf_ringbuf_commit() pero el b\u00fafer de anillo es liberado antes de que el trabajo se ejecute. En el reproductor de syzbot, un programa BPF adjunto a sched_switch activa bpf_ringbuf_commit(), encolando un irq_work. Si el b\u00fafer de anillo es liberado antes de que este trabajo se ejecute, el hilo de irq_work puede acceder a memoria liberada. Llamar a \u0027irq_work_sync(\u0026rb -\u003e work)\u0027 asegura que todo el irq_work pendiente se complete antes de liberar el b\u00fafer."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-40319",
        "lastModified": "2026-10-15T22:19:08.003",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 7.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
              "impactScore": 5.9,
              "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
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          "ssvcV203": [
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                "options": [
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                  {
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                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:59:12.535828Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
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        "published": "2025-12-08T01:16:04.543",
        "references": [
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            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4e9077638301816a7d73fa1e1b4c1db4a7e3b59c"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6451141103547f4efd774e912418a3b4318046c6"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/de2ce6b14bc3e565708a39bdba3ef9162aeffc72"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e1828c7a8d8135e21ff6adaaa9458c32aae13b11"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "vulnStatus": "Deferred"
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-11-06T18:19:54+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40319",
      "id": "CVE-2025-40319",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-08T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "158",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "42",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: bpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-40319.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-40319",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "total"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:59:12.535828Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:59:13.603Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "Linux",
              "programFiles": [
                "kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c"
              ],
              "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
              "vendor": "Linux",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "lessThan": "47626748a2a00068dbbd5836d19076637b4e235b",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "de2ce6b14bc3e565708a39bdba3ef9162aeffc72",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "e1828c7a8d8135e21ff6adaaa9458c32aae13b11",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "6451141103547f4efd774e912418a3b4318046c6",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "10ca3b2eec384628bc9f5d8190aed9427ad2dde6",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "430e15544f11f8de26b2b5109c7152f71b78295e",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "4e9077638301816a7d73fa1e1b4c1db4a7e3b59c",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "457f44363a8894135c85b7a9afd2bd8196db24ab",
                  "versionType": "git"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "defaultStatus": "affected",
              "product": "Linux",
              "programFiles": [
                "kernel/bpf/ringbuf.c"
              ],
              "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
              "vendor": "Linux",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "5.8"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "5.8",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "0",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "5.10.247",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "5.15.197",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.1.159",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.6.117",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.12.58",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.17.8",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.18",
                  "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "cpeApplicability": [
            {
              "nodes": [
                {
                  "cpeMatch": [
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.247",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.197",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.159",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.117",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.58",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.17.8",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.18",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.8",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    }
                  ],
                  "negate": false,
                  "operator": "OR"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer\n\nFix a race where irq_work can be queued in bpf_ringbuf_commit()\nbut the ring buffer is freed before the work executes.\nIn the syzbot reproducer, a BPF program attached to sched_switch\ntriggers bpf_ringbuf_commit(), queuing an irq_work. If the ring buffer\nis freed before this work executes, the irq_work thread may accesses\nfreed memory.\nCalling `irq_work_sync(\u0026rb-\u003ework)` ensures that all pending irq_work\ncomplete before freeing the buffer."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV3_1": {
                "baseScore": 7.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through the `bpf()` syscall \u2014 creating a ringbuf map, loading a program that calls `bpf_ringbuf_output`/`submit`, and closing the fds to drive `ringbuf_map_free()`. There is no path for a remote peer to load BPF programs, so local system access is required.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race: he triggers `bpf_ringbuf_commit()` on demand (loopback packet into his own socket filter, using `BPF_RB_FORCE_WAKEUP` to guarantee `irq_work_queue()` on every commit) and separately triggers the free by detaching and closing the map/prog fds, looping unboundedly. On PREEMPT_RT the work is deferred to the `irq_workd` kthread and on architectures without `arch_irq_work_has_interrupt()` to the next tick, widening the window to milliseconds; syzbot both reproduced the bug and confirmed the fix.\nPR:L - `BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF`/`USER_RINGBUF` are listed as unprivileged map types in `map_create()`, the ringbuf helpers sit above the `CAP_BPF` gate in `bpf_base_func_proto()`, `BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER` is exempt from the CAP_BPF prog-load check, and `SO_ATTACH_BPF` has no capability check \u2014 so an ordinary unprivileged user can build the entire chain on the upstream default `unprivileged_bpf_disabled=0`.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step himself \u2014 map creation, program load, socket attach, packet injection, and fd close \u2014 with no victim action or cooperating process required.\nS:U - The use-after-free corrupts kernel memory and the per-CPU irq_work list within the same security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `irq_work_single()` and `bpf_ringbuf_notify()`/`wake_up_all()` read `work-\u003enode.llist`, `work-\u003efunc`, `work-\u003eirqwait.task`, and the `waitq` list head out of freed memory, and the vmalloc VA range can be reclaimed with a large vmalloc-backed `BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY` whose contents the attacker sets \u2014 turning the dangling traversal into an arbitrary kernel-memory read/disclosure primitive.\nI:H - The irq_work core performs `atomic_set()`/`atomic_cmpxchg()` writes into the freed object and an indirect call `work-\u003efunc(work)` on a pointer read from it, while `wake_up_all()` adds `list_del_init()` unlink writes and a second function-pointer call \u2014 after VA-range reclamation with controlled data this is a direct control-flow hijack and arbitrary-write path to privilege escalation.\nA:H - This is a use-after-free reported by syzbot as a KASAN splat; in the common case the irq_work dereferences an already-unmapped vmalloc address from hardirq or the `irq_workd` kthread, producing an unhandled page fault and kernel panic, and it can be re-triggered in a loop."
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:09:31.491Z",
            "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "shortName": "Linux"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/47626748a2a00068dbbd5836d19076637b4e235b"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/de2ce6b14bc3e565708a39bdba3ef9162aeffc72"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e1828c7a8d8135e21ff6adaaa9458c32aae13b11"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6451141103547f4efd774e912418a3b4318046c6"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/10ca3b2eec384628bc9f5d8190aed9427ad2dde6"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/430e15544f11f8de26b2b5109c7152f71b78295e"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4e9077638301816a7d73fa1e1b4c1db4a7e3b59c"
            }
          ],
          "title": "bpf: Sync pending IRQ work before freeing ring buffer",
          "x_generator": {
            "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
          }
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "assignerShortName": "Linux",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-40319",
        "datePublished": "2025-12-08T00:46:46.448Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.186Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:43.846Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Sightings

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