CVE-2025-40048 (GCVE-0-2025-40048)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-28 11:48 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:07
VLAI
Title
uio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: uio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask Remove the logic to set interrupt mask by default in uio_hv_generic driver as the interrupt mask value is supposed to be controlled completely by the user space. If the mask bit gets changed by the driver, concurrently with user mode operating on the ring, the mask bit may be set when it is supposed to be clear, and the user-mode driver will miss an interrupt which will cause a hang. For eg- when the driver sets inbound ring buffer interrupt mask to 1, the host does not interrupt the guest on the UIO VMBus channel. However, setting the mask does not prevent the host from putting a message in the inbound ring buffer. So let’s assume that happens, the host puts a message into the ring buffer but does not interrupt. Subsequently, the user space code in the guest sets the inbound ring buffer interrupt mask to 0, saying “Hey, I’m ready for interrupts”. User space code then calls pread() to wait for an interrupt. Then one of two things happens: * The host never sends another message. So the pread() waits forever. * The host does send another message. But because there’s already a message in the ring buffer, it doesn’t generate an interrupt. This is the correct behavior, because the host should only send an interrupt when the inbound ring buffer transitions from empty to not-empty. Adding an additional message to a ring buffer that is not empty is not supposed to generate an interrupt on the guest. Since the guest is waiting in pread() and not removing messages from the ring buffer, the pread() waits forever. This could be easily reproduced in hv_fcopy_uio_daemon if we delay setting interrupt mask to 0. Similarly if hv_uio_channel_cb() sets the interrupt_mask to 1, there’s a race condition. Once user space empties the inbound ring buffer, but before user space sets interrupt_mask to 0, the host could put another message in the ring buffer but it wouldn’t interrupt. Then the next pread() would hang. Fix these by removing all instances where interrupt_mask is changed, while keeping the one in set_event() unchanged to enable userspace control the interrupt mask by writing 0/1 to /dev/uioX.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < 540aac117eaea5723cef5e4cbf3035c4ac654d92 (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < 65d40acd911c7011745cbbd2aaac34eb5266d11e (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < a44f61f878f32071d6378e8dd7c2d47f9490c8f7 (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < 01ce972e6f9974a7c76943bcb7e93746917db83a (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < 2af39ab5e6dc46b835a52e80a22d0cad430985e3 (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < 37bd91f22794dc05436130d6983302cb90ecfe7e (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < e29587c07537929684faa365027f4b0d87521e1b (git)
Affected: 95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f , < b15b7d2a1b09ef5428a8db260251897405a19496 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 4.10
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.10 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.301 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.246 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.195 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.156 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.112 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.53 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.17.3 , ≤ 6.17.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Create a notification for this product.
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{
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nuio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask\n\nRemove the logic to set interrupt mask by default in uio_hv_generic\ndriver as the interrupt mask value is supposed to be controlled\ncompletely by the user space. If the mask bit gets changed\nby the driver, concurrently with user mode operating on the ring,\nthe mask bit may be set when it is supposed to be clear, and the\nuser-mode driver will miss an interrupt which will cause a hang.\n\nFor eg- when the driver sets inbound ring buffer interrupt mask to 1,\nthe host does not interrupt the guest on the UIO VMBus channel.\nHowever, setting the mask does not prevent the host from putting a\nmessage in the inbound ring buffer.\u00a0So let\u2019s assume that happens,\nthe host puts a message into the ring buffer but does not interrupt.\n\nSubsequently, the user space code in the guest sets the inbound ring\nbuffer interrupt mask to 0, saying \u201cHey, I\u2019m ready for interrupts\u201d.\nUser space code then calls pread() to wait for an interrupt.\nThen one of two things happens:\n\n* The host never sends another message. So the pread() waits forever.\n* The host does send another message. But because there\u2019s already a\n  message in the ring buffer, it doesn\u2019t generate an interrupt.\n  This is the correct behavior, because the host should only send an\n  interrupt when the inbound ring buffer transitions from empty to\n  not-empty. Adding an additional message to a ring buffer that is not\n  empty is not supposed to generate an interrupt on the guest.\n  Since the guest is waiting in pread() and not removing messages from\n  the ring buffer, the pread() waits forever.\n\nThis could be easily reproduced in hv_fcopy_uio_daemon if we delay\nsetting interrupt mask to 0.\n\nSimilarly if hv_uio_channel_cb() sets the interrupt_mask to 1,\nthere\u2019s a race condition. Once user space empties the inbound ring\nbuffer, but before user space sets interrupt_mask to 0, the host could\nput another message in the ring buffer but it wouldn\u2019t interrupt.\nThen the next pread() would hang.\n\nFix these by removing all instances where interrupt_mask is changed,\nwhile keeping the one in set_event() unchanged to enable userspace\ncontrol the interrupt mask by writing 0/1 to /dev/uioX."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - The driver\u0027s canonical deployment (documented in its own file header, and special-cased via `channel-\u003edevice_id == HV_NIC`) binds the netvsc NIC VMBus channel to uio_hv_generic for DPDK, so the inbound ring whose interrupt_mask is clobbered carries packets arriving from remote network peers on an internet-facing VM. A remote party sending traffic controls the message-arrival timing that decides whether the interrupt is permanently lost.\nAC:L - The vulnerable window recurs on every single inbound interrupt (`hv_uio_channel_cb()` sets mask=1 unconditionally) plus at each open and subchannel creation, so sustained traffic hits it essentially immediately rather than requiring a rare coincidence. Because the host only interrupts on an empty\u2192non-empty transition, a single successful hit wedges the channel permanently \u2014 no repeated win of a narrow race is needed.\nPR:N - In the netvsc/DPDK configuration the trigger is ordinary inbound packet traffic, requiring no account, credentials, or capability on the target guest. The pre-existing uio binding is administrator configuration, not a privilege the attacker must hold.\nUI:N - No victim action is required \u2014 the userspace VMBus driver (DPDK PMD or hv_fcopy_uio_daemon) is already running its normal mmap/clear-imask/pread loop, and the kernel writes the mask on its own during routine operation.\nS:U - The clobbered interrupt_mask and the resulting hang both stay inside the guest\u0027s own security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:N - The bug is a single control-bit write to a ring header field already fully visible to the mmap\u0027ing userspace driver; nothing is read out of bounds, no uninitialised memory is exposed, and no kernel address or heap state is disclosed.\nI:N - The attacker causes no data modification \u2014 the kernel writes the mask bit unconditionally as part of its own buggy logic, and no ring contents, packet data, or kernel structures are altered. The mask write is the defect\u0027s mechanism, whose sole observable consequence is the lost interrupt.\nA:H - The userspace VMBus driver blocks forever in `pread()` on `/dev/uioX` and never receives another interrupt, permanently killing the channel \u2014 total loss of the VM\u0027s userspace network data path for DPDK, or of the host-guest fcopy service \u2014 recoverable only by restarting the application. Per the hang/deadlock guidance this is High."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:07:21.676Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/540aac117eaea5723cef5e4cbf3035c4ac654d92"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65d40acd911c7011745cbbd2aaac34eb5266d11e"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a44f61f878f32071d6378e8dd7c2d47f9490c8f7"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/01ce972e6f9974a7c76943bcb7e93746917db83a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af39ab5e6dc46b835a52e80a22d0cad430985e3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/37bd91f22794dc05436130d6983302cb90ecfe7e"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e29587c07537929684faa365027f4b0d87521e1b"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b15b7d2a1b09ef5428a8db260251897405a19496"
        }
      ],
      "title": "uio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask",
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  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-40048",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-28T11:48:25.220Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.156Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:07:21.676Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40048",
      "date": "2026-08-05",
      "epss": "0.006",
      "percentile": "0.45377"
    },
    "microsoft_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2025-10-29T01:04:10.000Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40048",
      "id": "msrc_CVE-2025-40048",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-10-02T00:00:00.000Z",
      "product_status:fixed": "1",
      "product_status:known_affected": "1",
      "source": "Microsoft CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "uio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2025/msrc_cve-2025-40048.json",
      "version": "1"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-40048\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-10-28T12:15:38.920\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-30T06:24:08.270\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Deferred\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nuio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask\\n\\nRemove the logic to set interrupt mask by default in uio_hv_generic\\ndriver as the interrupt mask value is supposed to be controlled\\ncompletely by the user space. If the mask bit gets changed\\nby the driver, concurrently with user mode operating on the ring,\\nthe mask bit may be set when it is supposed to be clear, and the\\nuser-mode driver will miss an interrupt which will cause a hang.\\n\\nFor eg- when the driver sets inbound ring buffer interrupt mask to 1,\\nthe host does not interrupt the guest on the UIO VMBus channel.\\nHowever, setting the mask does not prevent the host from putting a\\nmessage in the inbound ring buffer.\u00a0So let\u2019s assume that happens,\\nthe host puts a message into the ring buffer but does not interrupt.\\n\\nSubsequently, the user space code in the guest sets the inbound ring\\nbuffer interrupt mask to 0, saying \u201cHey, I\u2019m ready for interrupts\u201d.\\nUser space code then calls pread() to wait for an interrupt.\\nThen one of two things happens:\\n\\n* The host never sends another message. So the pread() waits forever.\\n* The host does send another message. But because there\u2019s already a\\n  message in the ring buffer, it doesn\u2019t generate an interrupt.\\n  This is the correct behavior, because the host should only send an\\n  interrupt when the inbound ring buffer transitions from empty to\\n  not-empty. Adding an additional message to a ring buffer that is not\\n  empty is not supposed to generate an interrupt on the guest.\\n  Since the guest is waiting in pread() and not removing messages from\\n  the ring buffer, the pread() waits forever.\\n\\nThis could be easily reproduced in hv_fcopy_uio_daemon if we delay\\nsetting interrupt mask to 0.\\n\\nSimilarly if hv_uio_channel_cb() sets the interrupt_mask to 1,\\nthere\u2019s a race condition. Once user space empties the inbound ring\\nbuffer, but before user space sets interrupt_mask to 0, the host could\\nput another message in the ring buffer but it wouldn\u2019t interrupt.\\nThen the next pread() would hang.\\n\\nFix these by removing all instances where interrupt_mask is changed,\\nwhile keeping the one in set_event() unchanged to enable userspace\\ncontrol the interrupt mask by writing 0/1 to /dev/uioX.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/uio/uio_hv_generic.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"540aac117eaea5723cef5e4cbf3035c4ac654d92\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"65d40acd911c7011745cbbd2aaac34eb5266d11e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"a44f61f878f32071d6378e8dd7c2d47f9490c8f7\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"01ce972e6f9974a7c76943bcb7e93746917db83a\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"2af39ab5e6dc46b835a52e80a22d0cad430985e3\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"37bd91f22794dc05436130d6983302cb90ecfe7e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"e29587c07537929684faa365027f4b0d87521e1b\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"95096f2fbd10186d3e78a328b327afc71428f65f\",\"lessThan\":\"b15b7d2a1b09ef5428a8db260251897405a19496\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/uio/uio_hv_generic.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"4.10\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"4.10\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.4.301\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.4.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.10.246\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.10.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.195\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.156\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.112\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.53\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.17.3\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.17.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/01ce972e6f9974a7c76943bcb7e93746917db83a\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af39ab5e6dc46b835a52e80a22d0cad430985e3\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/37bd91f22794dc05436130d6983302cb90ecfe7e\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/540aac117eaea5723cef5e4cbf3035c4ac654d92\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65d40acd911c7011745cbbd2aaac34eb5266d11e\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a44f61f878f32071d6378e8dd7c2d47f9490c8f7\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b15b7d2a1b09ef5428a8db260251897405a19496\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e29587c07537929684faa365027f4b0d87521e1b\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-30T08:53:03+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40048",
      "id": "CVE-2025-40048",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-10-28T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "260",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "14",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: uio_hv_generic: Let userspace take care of interrupt mask",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-40048.json",
      "version": "3"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.