CVE-2025-39691 (GCVE-0-2025-39691)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-05 17:20 – Updated: 2026-09-08 08:42
VLAI
Title
fs/buffer: fix use-after-free when call bh_read() helper
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs/buffer: fix use-after-free when call bh_read() helper There's issue as follows: BUG: KASAN: stack-out-of-bounds in end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110 Read of size 8 at addr ffffc9000168f7f8 by task swapper/3/0 CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/3 Not tainted 6.16.0-862.14.0.6.x86_64 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) Call Trace: <IRQ> dump_stack_lvl+0x55/0x70 print_address_description.constprop.0+0x2c/0x390 print_report+0xb4/0x270 kasan_report+0xb8/0xf0 end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110 end_bio_bh_io_sync+0x56/0x80 blk_update_request+0x30a/0x720 scsi_end_request+0x51/0x2b0 scsi_io_completion+0xe3/0x480 ? scsi_device_unbusy+0x11e/0x160 blk_complete_reqs+0x7b/0x90 handle_softirqs+0xef/0x370 irq_exit_rcu+0xa5/0xd0 sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6e/0x90 </IRQ> Above issue happens when do ntfs3 filesystem mount, issue may happens as follows: mount IRQ ntfs_fill_super read_cache_page do_read_cache_folio filemap_read_folio mpage_read_folio do_mpage_readpage ntfs_get_block_vbo bh_read submit_bh wait_on_buffer(bh); blk_complete_reqs scsi_io_completion scsi_end_request blk_update_request end_bio_bh_io_sync end_buffer_read_sync __end_buffer_read_notouch unlock_buffer wait_on_buffer(bh);--> return will return to caller put_bh --> trigger stack-out-of-bounds In the mpage_read_folio() function, the stack variable 'map_bh' is passed to ntfs_get_block_vbo(). Once unlock_buffer() unlocks and wait_on_buffer() returns to continue processing, the stack variable is likely to be reclaimed. Consequently, during the end_buffer_read_sync() process, calling put_bh() may result in stack overrun. If the bh is not allocated on the stack, it belongs to a folio. Freeing a buffer head which belongs to a folio is done by drop_buffers() which will fail to free buffers which are still locked. So it is safe to call put_bh() before __end_buffer_read_notouch().
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 70a09115da586bf662c3bae9c0c4a1b99251fad9 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 3169edb8945c295cf89120fc6b2c35cfe3ad4c9e (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 03b40bf5d0389ca23ae6857ee25789f0e0b47ce8 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < c58c6b532b7b69537cfd9ef701c7e37cdcf79dc4 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < c5aa6ba1127307ab5dc3773eaf40d73a3423841f (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 042cf48ecf67f72c8b3846c7fac678f472712ff3 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 90b5193edb323fefbee0e4e5bc39ed89dcc37719 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 7375f22495e7cd1c5b3b5af9dcc4f6dffe34ce49 (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 2.6.12
Unaffected: 0 , < 2.6.12 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.297 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.241 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.190 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.149 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.103 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.44 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.16.4 , ≤ 6.16.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.17 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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Siemens SIMATIC CN 4100 Affected: 0 , < V5.0 (custom)
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Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
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Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
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Siemens SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfs/buffer: fix use-after-free when call bh_read() helper\n\nThere\u0027s issue as follows:\nBUG: KASAN: stack-out-of-bounds in end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110\nRead of size 8 at addr ffffc9000168f7f8 by task swapper/3/0\nCPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/3 Not tainted 6.16.0-862.14.0.6.x86_64\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)\nCall Trace:\n \u003cIRQ\u003e\n dump_stack_lvl+0x55/0x70\n print_address_description.constprop.0+0x2c/0x390\n print_report+0xb4/0x270\n kasan_report+0xb8/0xf0\n end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110\n end_bio_bh_io_sync+0x56/0x80\n blk_update_request+0x30a/0x720\n scsi_end_request+0x51/0x2b0\n scsi_io_completion+0xe3/0x480\n ? scsi_device_unbusy+0x11e/0x160\n blk_complete_reqs+0x7b/0x90\n handle_softirqs+0xef/0x370\n irq_exit_rcu+0xa5/0xd0\n sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6e/0x90\n \u003c/IRQ\u003e\n\n Above issue happens when do ntfs3 filesystem mount, issue may happens\n as follows:\n           mount                            IRQ\nntfs_fill_super\n  read_cache_page\n    do_read_cache_folio\n      filemap_read_folio\n        mpage_read_folio\n\t do_mpage_readpage\n\t  ntfs_get_block_vbo\n\t   bh_read\n\t     submit_bh\n\t     wait_on_buffer(bh);\n\t                            blk_complete_reqs\n\t\t\t\t     scsi_io_completion\n\t\t\t\t      scsi_end_request\n\t\t\t\t       blk_update_request\n\t\t\t\t        end_bio_bh_io_sync\n\t\t\t\t\t end_buffer_read_sync\n\t\t\t\t\t  __end_buffer_read_notouch\n\t\t\t\t\t   unlock_buffer\n\n            wait_on_buffer(bh);--\u003e return will return to caller\n\n\t\t\t\t\t  put_bh\n\t\t\t\t\t    --\u003e trigger stack-out-of-bounds\nIn the mpage_read_folio() function, the stack variable \u0027map_bh\u0027 is\npassed to ntfs_get_block_vbo(). Once unlock_buffer() unlocks and\nwait_on_buffer() returns to continue processing, the stack variable\nis likely to be reclaimed. Consequently, during the end_buffer_read_sync()\nprocess, calling put_bh() may result in stack overrun.\n\nIf the bh is not allocated on the stack, it belongs to a folio.  Freeing\na buffer head which belongs to a folio is done by drop_buffers() which\nwill fail to free buffers which are still locked.  So it is safe to call\nput_bh() before __end_buffer_read_notouch()."
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            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable `end_buffer_read_sync()` ordering is reached through local filesystem I/O \u2014 `read(2)`, mmap faults, or readahead on a file residing on a mounted ntfs3 volume \u2014 via `mpage_read_folio()` \u2192 `ntfs_get_block_vbo()` \u2192 `bh_read()`. No network protocol handler processes remote data on this path.\nAC:L - The attacker drives both sides of the race: their own read requests issue the `submit_bh()` and their own thread is the waiter whose stack frame is popped, and the loop can be repeated indefinitely with `posix_fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED)` across many threads/CPUs while generating interrupt load to stretch the window between `unlock_buffer()` and `put_bh()`. The reporter hit it during an ordinary ntfs3 mount in QEMU, showing no attacker-uncontrollable precondition is needed.\nPR:L - An unprivileged local account merely needs read access to a file on an already-mounted ntfs3 filesystem, since the vulnerable `bh_read()` branch triggers on the last partial block of nearly any non-resident file \u2014 common on dual-boot desktops, NAS/media boxes, Android/embedded devices with NTFS external storage, and udisks-automounted USB volumes.\nUI:N - The attacker\u0027s own process performs every step \u2014 opening the file, dropping the page cache, and issuing the reads that submit and complete the I/O. No action by any other user is required beyond the volume already being mounted.\nS:U - The corrupted memory is the kernel stack of the faulting task and the resulting escalation or crash stays within the kernel\u0027s own security authority on that host. No VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The softirq completion path performs an 8-byte read of kernel stack memory that has already been reclaimed and refilled by unrelated frames, as KASAN\u0027s \"Read of size 8 at addr ffffc9000168f7f8\" shows. As a use-after-scope on memory the attacker can groom, it yields kernel data disclosure and, combined with the write primitive below, an arbitrary-read capability.\nI:H - `put_bh()` performs an atomic 4-byte decrement at a fixed, deterministic offset (`b_count`, offset 96 of the embedded `map_bh` in `struct mpage_readpage_args`) inside a stack frame the attacker\u0027s own task has already reused with data of its choosing. Decrementing a saved pointer\u0027s low dword, a length/index, or a return address is a controlled corruption primitive suitable for control-flow hijacking and privilege escalation.\nA:H - Corrupting a live kernel stack slot produces oopses, BUG/KASAN splats from softirq context (fatal under `panic_on_warn`), or arbitrary downstream misbehaviour such as loop-bound underflow and bad-pointer dereference. The condition is triggerable repeatedly by any local user, making sustained denial of service straightforward."
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            "lang": "en",
            "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nfs/buffer: fix use-after-free when call bh_read() helper\n\nThere\u0027s issue as follows:\nBUG: KASAN: stack-out-of-bounds in end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110\nRead of size 8 at addr ffffc9000168f7f8 by task swapper/3/0\nCPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/3 Not tainted 6.16.0-862.14.0.6.x86_64\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)\nCall Trace:\n \u003cIRQ\u003e\n dump_stack_lvl+0x55/0x70\n print_address_description.constprop.0+0x2c/0x390\n print_report+0xb4/0x270\n kasan_report+0xb8/0xf0\n end_buffer_read_sync+0xe3/0x110\n end_bio_bh_io_sync+0x56/0x80\n blk_update_request+0x30a/0x720\n scsi_end_request+0x51/0x2b0\n scsi_io_completion+0xe3/0x480\n ? scsi_device_unbusy+0x11e/0x160\n blk_complete_reqs+0x7b/0x90\n handle_softirqs+0xef/0x370\n irq_exit_rcu+0xa5/0xd0\n sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6e/0x90\n \u003c/IRQ\u003e\n\n Above issue happens when do ntfs3 filesystem mount, issue may happens\n as follows:\n           mount                            IRQ\nntfs_fill_super\n  read_cache_page\n    do_read_cache_folio\n      filemap_read_folio\n        mpage_read_folio\n\t do_mpage_readpage\n\t  ntfs_get_block_vbo\n\t   bh_read\n\t     submit_bh\n\t     wait_on_buffer(bh);\n\t                            blk_complete_reqs\n\t\t\t\t     scsi_io_completion\n\t\t\t\t      scsi_end_request\n\t\t\t\t       blk_update_request\n\t\t\t\t        end_bio_bh_io_sync\n\t\t\t\t\t end_buffer_read_sync\n\t\t\t\t\t  __end_buffer_read_notouch\n\t\t\t\t\t   unlock_buffer\n\n            wait_on_buffer(bh);--\u003e return will return to caller\n\n\t\t\t\t\t  put_bh\n\t\t\t\t\t    --\u003e trigger stack-out-of-bounds\nIn the mpage_read_folio() function, the stack variable \u0027map_bh\u0027 is\npassed to ntfs_get_block_vbo(). Once unlock_buffer() unlocks and\nwait_on_buffer() returns to continue processing, the stack variable\nis likely to be reclaimed. Consequently, during the end_buffer_read_sync()\nprocess, calling put_bh() may result in stack overrun.\n\nIf the bh is not allocated on the stack, it belongs to a folio.  Freeing\na buffer head which belongs to a folio is done by drop_buffers() which\nwill fail to free buffers which are still locked.  So it is safe to call\nput_bh() before __end_buffer_read_notouch()."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-39691",
        "lastModified": "2026-07-30T06:23:40.413",
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              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-416"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Primary"
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    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-30T09:02:06+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-39691",
      "id": "CVE-2025-39691",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-09-05T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "274",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: fs/buffer: fix use-after-free when call bh_read() helper",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-39691.json",
      "version": "3"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
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  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.