CVE-2025-21791 (GCVE-0-2025-21791)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-27 02:18 – Updated: 2026-10-15 01:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out()
l3mdev_l3_out() can be called without RCU being held:
raw_sendmsg()
ip_push_pending_frames()
ip_send_skb()
ip_local_out()
__ip_local_out()
l3mdev_ip_out()
Add rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() pair to avoid
a potential UAF.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-27 17:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-416 - Use After Free
Assigner
References
11 references
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 6ccaa5797f5362a2aad6baa6ddaf4715ac2dd51e
(git)
Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 20a3489b396764cc9376e32a9172bee26a89dc3b (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 5bb4228c32261d06e4fbece37ec3828bcc005b6b (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < c7574740be8ce68a57d0aece24987b9be2114c3c (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < c40cb5c03e37552d6eff963187109e2c3f78ef6f (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 022cac1c693add610ae76ede03adf4d9d5a2cf21 (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 7b81425b517accefd46bee854d94954f5c57e019 (git) Affected: a8e3e1a9f02094145580ea7920c6a1d9aabd5539 , < 6d0ce46a93135d96b7fa075a94a88fe0da8e8773 (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
4.9
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.9 (semver) Unaffected: 5.4.291 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.235 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.179 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.129 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.79 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.16 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13.4 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nvrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out()\n\nl3mdev_l3_out() can be called without RCU being held:\n\nraw_sendmsg()\n ip_push_pending_frames()\n ip_send_skb()\n ip_local_out()\n __ip_local_out()\n l3mdev_ip_out()\n\nAdd rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() pair to avoid\na potential UAF."
},
{
"lang": "es",
"value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: vrf: usar protecci\u00f3n RCU en l3mdev_l3_out() l3mdev_l3_out() se puede llamar sin que se retenga RCU: raw_sendmsg() ip_push_pending_frames() ip_send_skb() ip_local_out() __ip_local_out() l3mdev_ip_out() Agregue el par rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() para evitar un posible UAF."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2025-21791",
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{
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}
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"initial_release_date": "2025-02-27T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:fixed": "917",
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"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: vrf: use RCU protection in l3mdev_l3_out()",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-21791.json",
"version": "3"
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{
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}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
},
{
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"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
"type": "ssvc"
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],
"problemTypes": [
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],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-02-27T17:57:17.808Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
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"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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"value": "AV:L - Both halves of the race are driven from the local system \u2014 a `sendmsg()` on a local socket for the read side, and RTNL link operations (VRF delete/unenslave) for the free side. A remote peer cannot induce the VRF teardown that arms the use-after-free.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race and can loop them indefinitely: one thread sends UDP/raw packets out a VRF-enslaved device while another repeatedly unenslaves/deletes the VRF master, with preemption pressure raised at will. `do_vrf_del_slave()` widens the window further by unlinking the adjacency before clearing `IFF_L3MDEV_SLAVE`.\nPR:L - The transmit side needs no privileges at all (ordinary UDP sendmsg), and the VRF create/enslave/delete side needs only CAP_NET_ADMIN within a network namespace, which an unprivileged user obtains via `unshare -Urn`.\nUI:N - The attacker\u0027s own threads perform every step \u2014 socket sends and netlink link operations \u2014 with no victim action required.\nS:U - The use-after-free and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or other trust boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The freed `netdev_adjacent` sits in a general kmalloc cache and is readily groomed, letting the attacker supply `upper-\u003edev`, after which `master-\u003el3mdev_ops` and `-\u003el3mdev_l3_out` are read from an attacker-chosen address \u2014 an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - The same reclaimed object yields an indirect call through an attacker-controlled function pointer with `master` as the first argument, giving control-flow hijack and thus arbitrary kernel-state modification.\nA:H - Even unweaponized, dereferencing a stale adjacency entry and calling through garbage function pointers reliably oopses or panics the kernel, and the attacker can retrigger it at will."
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Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
How durations are calculated
Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.
Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.