CVE-2025-21766 (GCVE-0-2025-21766)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-27 02:18 – Updated: 2026-10-15 21:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ipv4: use RCU protection in __ip_rt_update_pmtu()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ipv4: use RCU protection in __ip_rt_update_pmtu()
__ip_rt_update_pmtu() must use RCU protection to make
sure the net structure it reads does not disappear.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 21:42 UTC
Assigner
References
9 references
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < ce3c6165fce0f06305c806696882a3ad4b90e33f
(git)
Affected: 2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < ea07480b23225942208f1b754fea1e7ec486d37e (git) Affected: 2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < 9b1766d1ff5fe496aabe9fc5f4e34e53f35c11c4 (git) Affected: 2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < 4583748b65dee4d61bd50a2214715b4237bc152a (git) Affected: 2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < a39f61d212d822b3062d7f70fa0588e50e55664e (git) Affected: 2fbc6e89b2f1403189e624cabaf73e189c5e50c6 , < 139512191bd06f1b496117c76372b2ce372c9a41 (git) Affected: f415c264176e6095e9dee823e09c5bdd0ee0d337 (git) Affected: 98776a365da509ad923083ae54b38ee521c52742 (git) Affected: 860e2cc78c697c95bc749abb20047239fa1722ea (git) Affected: 2b1be6c925cdf4638811765a9160796291494b89 (git) Affected: 4.14.200 , < 4.15 (semver) Affected: 4.19.148 , < 4.20 (semver) Affected: 5.4.68 , < 5.5 (semver) Affected: 5.8.12 , < 5.9 (semver) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
5.9
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.9 (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.179 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.129 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.79 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.16 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13.4 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"value": "AV:N - `__ip_rt_update_pmtu()` sits directly on the ICMP Fragmentation-Needed processing path \u2014 `icmp_rcv()` \u2192 `icmp_unreach()` \u2192 protocol err handlers (`udp_err`, `raw_err`, `ping_err`, `tcp_v4_err`, `ipip_err`, GRE/vti/esp/ah err) \u2192 `ipv4_sk_update_pmtu()`/`ipv4_update_pmtu()`. A remote host anywhere on the internet reaches it with a single crafted IPv4 ICMP packet, and the attacker-supplied `un.frag.mtu` becomes the value written into the FNHE entry.\nAC:H - The attacker fully controls the read side (unlimited ICMP frag-needed floods), but the freed `struct net` only becomes reachable when a namespace teardown races a long-lived cached `dst` whose `dst-\u003edev` still maps to the dying netns \u2014 network-namespace destruction and the exact preemption window between loading `dev-\u003end_net` and dereferencing it are system state a remote attacker cannot induce.\nPR:N - No authentication or credentials are involved anywhere on the path; the tunnel error handlers (`ipip_err`, GRE, vti, esp4, ah4) and `icmp_err()` dispatch on the quoted inner header alone with no socket or peer verification, so any unauthenticated host can drive `ipv4_update_pmtu()`.\nUI:N - The ICMP error is consumed entirely inside softirq packet-receive processing; no local user opens, mounts, configures, or clicks anything for the vulnerable dereference to run.\nS:U - The use-after-free read and the resulting bogus FIB lookup and FNHE writes are all confined to the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The freed `struct net` is not merely read for two sysctls \u2014 it is fed to `fib_lookup()`, which loads `net-\u003eipv4.fib_main`/`fib_default`/`rules_ops` out of reclaimed memory and walks them as FIB tables and rule lists, so a groomed reallocation of the `net_cachep` object turns this into an attacker-directed read of arbitrary kernel addresses.\nI:H - `update_or_create_fnhe()` writes through the `fib_nh_common` returned by that poisoned lookup \u2014 `rcu_assign_pointer(nhc-\u003enhc_exceptions, hash)`, `fnhe-\u003efnhe_pmtu = pmtu`, `fnhe-\u003efnhe_expires` \u2014 with `pmtu` taken verbatim from the attacker\u0027s `ntohs(icmph-\u003eun.frag.mtu)`, yielding a controlled write through a pointer chain rooted in freed memory.\nA:H - Even without weaponization, walking a FIB trie and a fib_rules list off a freed `struct net` reliably faults or corrupts state, producing a KASAN splat, oops, or panic, and the attacker can retrigger it indefinitely by replaying ICMP frag-needed packets."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:19.559Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ce3c6165fce0f06305c806696882a3ad4b90e33f"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ea07480b23225942208f1b754fea1e7ec486d37e"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9b1766d1ff5fe496aabe9fc5f4e34e53f35c11c4"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4583748b65dee4d61bd50a2214715b4237bc152a"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a39f61d212d822b3062d7f70fa0588e50e55664e"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/139512191bd06f1b496117c76372b2ce372c9a41"
}
],
"title": "ipv4: use RCU protection in __ip_rt_update_pmtu()",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-21766",
"datePublished": "2025-02-27T02:18:16.570Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.762Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:51:52.707Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
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Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
How durations are calculated
Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.
Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.