CVE-2025-15135 (GCVE-0-2025-15135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-28 12:02 – Updated: 2025-12-29 17:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication
Summary
A weakness has been identified in joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java up to 3.0.0. This impacts the function tryAuthenticateWithCookies of the file AuthenticationInterceptor.java of the component Cookie Handler. Executing manipulation can lead to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. Upgrading to version 4.0.0 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-29 17:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.338513 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338513 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.713990 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| joey-zhou | xiaozhi-esp32-server-java |
Affected:
3.0
Unaffected: 4.0.0 |
guessed |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-15135",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-12-29T17:58:43.601053Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-29T17:58:51.665Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"Cookie Handler"
],
"product": "xiaozhi-esp32-server-java",
"vendor": "joey-zhou",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.0"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "4.0.0"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "zzdzz (VulDB User)"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A weakness has been identified in joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java up to 3.0.0. This impacts the function tryAuthenticateWithCookies of the file AuthenticationInterceptor.java of the component Cookie Handler. Executing manipulation can lead to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. Upgrading to version 4.0.0 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 6.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-287",
"description": "Improper Authentication",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-28T12:02:07.346Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-338513 | joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.338513"
},
{
"name": "VDB-338513 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338513"
},
{
"name": "Submit #713990 | joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java V3.0.0 Improper Authentication",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.713990"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issuecomment-3666534810"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit",
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issue-3722315701"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/releases/tag/v4.0.0"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T01:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T10:58:22.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-15135",
"datePublished": "2025-12-28T12:02:07.346Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-12-27T09:52:55.766Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-29T17:58:51.665Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2025-15135",
"date": "2026-11-14",
"epss": "0.00331",
"percentile": "0.26745"
},
"nvd": {
"cve": {
"affected": [
{
"affectedData": [
{
"modules": [
"Cookie Handler"
],
"product": "xiaozhi-esp32-server-java",
"vendor": "joey-zhou",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.0"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "4.0.0"
}
]
}
],
"source": "cna@vuldb.com"
}
],
"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A weakness has been identified in joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java up to 3.0.0. This impacts the function tryAuthenticateWithCookies of the file AuthenticationInterceptor.java of the component Cookie Handler. Executing manipulation can lead to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. Upgrading to version 4.0.0 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
},
{
"lang": "es",
"value": "Se ha identificado una debilidad en joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java hasta la versi\u00f3n 3.0.0. Esto afecta a la funci\u00f3n tryAuthenticateWithCookies del archivo AuthenticationInterceptor.java del componente Manejador de Cookies. La ejecuci\u00f3n de manipulaci\u00f3n puede llevar a una autenticaci\u00f3n impropia. El ataque puede ser lanzado de forma remota. El exploit ha sido puesto a disposici\u00f3n del p\u00fablico y podr\u00eda ser explotado. La actualizaci\u00f3n a la versi\u00f3n 4.0.0 solucionar\u00e1 este problema. Se recomienda actualizar el componente afectado."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2025-15135",
"lastModified": "2026-10-07T12:10:00.170",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV2": [
{
"acInsufInfo": false,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"cvssData": {
"accessComplexity": "LOW",
"accessVector": "NETWORK",
"authentication": "SINGLE",
"availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL",
"baseScore": 6.5,
"confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL",
"integrityImpact": "PARTIAL",
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P",
"version": "2.0"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 8.0,
"impactScore": 6.4,
"obtainAllPrivilege": false,
"obtainOtherPrivilege": false,
"obtainUserPrivilege": false,
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"type": "Secondary",
"userInteractionRequired": false
}
],
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "LOW",
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
"impactScore": 3.4,
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"type": "Secondary"
}
],
"cvssMetricV40": [
{
"cvssData": {
"Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "NONE",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
"baseScore": 2.1,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
"exploitMaturity": "PROOF_OF_CONCEPT",
"integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
},
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"type": "Secondary"
}
],
"ssvcV203": [
{
"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"ssvcData": {
"id": "CVE-2025-15135",
"options": [
{
"exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"automatable": "no"
},
{
"technicalImpact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-12-29T17:58:43.601053Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
}
}
]
},
"published": "2025-12-28T12:15:41.310",
"references": [
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issue-3722315701"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issuecomment-3666534810"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/releases/tag/v4.0.0"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338513"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.338513"
},
{
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.713990"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "cna@vuldb.com",
"vulnStatus": "Deferred",
"weaknesses": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "CWE-287"
}
],
"source": "cna@vuldb.com",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"current_release_date": "2025-12-29T14:03:41+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-15135",
"id": "CVE-2025-15135",
"initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-15135.json",
"version": "3"
},
"vulnrichment": {
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-15135",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-12-29T17:58:43.601053Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-29T17:58:47.401Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"Cookie Handler"
],
"product": "xiaozhi-esp32-server-java",
"vendor": "joey-zhou",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.0"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "4.0.0"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "zzdzz (VulDB User)"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A weakness has been identified in joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java up to 3.0.0. This impacts the function tryAuthenticateWithCookies of the file AuthenticationInterceptor.java of the component Cookie Handler. Executing manipulation can lead to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. Upgrading to version 4.0.0 will fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 6.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-287",
"description": "Improper Authentication",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-28T12:02:07.346Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-338513 | joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.338513"
},
{
"name": "VDB-338513 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338513"
},
{
"name": "Submit #713990 | joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java V3.0.0 Improper Authentication",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.713990"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issuecomment-3666534810"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit",
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/issues/143#issue-3722315701"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/joey-zhou/xiaozhi-esp32-server-java/releases/tag/v4.0.0"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T01:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-27T10:58:22.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "joey-zhou xiaozhi-esp32-server-java Cookie AuthenticationInterceptor.java tryAuthenticateWithCookies improper authentication"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-15135",
"datePublished": "2025-12-28T12:02:07.346Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-12-27T09:52:55.766Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-29T17:58:51.665Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
Loading…
Loading…
Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
How durations are calculated
Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.
Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.
Loading timeline…
Loading…
Loading…
The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
Loading…
Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.