CVE-2023-0004 (GCVE-0-2023-0004)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-04-12 16:41 – Updated: 2025-02-13 16:38
VLAI
Title
PAN-OS: Local File Deletion Vulnerability
Summary
A local file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator to delete files from the local file system with elevated privileges. These files can include logs and system components that impact the integrity and availability of PAN-OS software.
CWE
  • CWE-703 - Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions
Assigner
palo_alto CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard A 95/100 over 83 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS Affected: 8.1 , < 8.1.24 (custom)
Affected: 9.0 , < 9.0.17 (custom)
Affected: 9.1 , < 9.1.15 (custom)
Affected: 10.0 , < 10.0.11 (custom)
Affected: 10.1 , < 10.1.6 (custom)
Unaffected: 10.2
Unaffected: 11.0
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Palo Alto Networks Prisma Access Unaffected: All
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Palo Alto Networks Cloud NGFW Unaffected: All
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2023-04-12 16:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T04:54:32.562Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2023-0004"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/E72T67UPDRXHIDLO3OROR25YAMN4GGW5/"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X6QXN4ORIVF6XBW4WWFE7VNPVC74S45Y/"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LKYHSZQFDNR7RSA7LHVLLIAQMVYCUGBG/"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNA62Q767CFAFHBCDKYNPBMZWB7TWYVU/"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3N4NJ7FR4X4FPZUGNTQAPSTVB2HB2Y4A/"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HT7T2R4MQKLIF4ODV4BDLPARWFPCJ5CZ/"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "PAN-OS",
          "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
          "versions": [
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "8.1.24",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "8.1.24",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "8.1",
              "versionType": "custom"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "9.0.17",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "9.0.17",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "9.0",
              "versionType": "custom"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "9.1.15",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "9.1.15",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "9.1",
              "versionType": "custom"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "10.0.11",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "10.0.11",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "10.0",
              "versionType": "custom"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "10.1.6",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "10.1.6",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "10.1",
              "versionType": "custom"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "10.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "11.0"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Prisma Access",
          "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "All"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Cloud NGFW",
          "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "All"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Palo Alto Networks thanks Wim Barthier and Frank Lycops for discovering and reporting this issue."
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2023-04-12T16:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "A local file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator to delete files from the local file system with elevated privileges.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThese files can include logs and system components that impact the integrity and availability of PAN-OS software."
            }
          ],
          "value": "A local file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator to delete files from the local file system with elevated privileges.\n\nThese files can include logs and system components that impact the integrity and availability of PAN-OS software."
        }
      ],
      "exploits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Palo Alto Networks is not aware of any malicious exploitation of this issue."
            }
          ],
          "value": "Palo Alto Networks is not aware of any malicious exploitation of this issue."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-703",
              "description": "CWE-703 Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2023-11-03T21:06:41.554Z",
        "orgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0",
        "shortName": "palo_alto"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2023-0004"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/E72T67UPDRXHIDLO3OROR25YAMN4GGW5/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X6QXN4ORIVF6XBW4WWFE7VNPVC74S45Y/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LKYHSZQFDNR7RSA7LHVLLIAQMVYCUGBG/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNA62Q767CFAFHBCDKYNPBMZWB7TWYVU/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3N4NJ7FR4X4FPZUGNTQAPSTVB2HB2Y4A/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HT7T2R4MQKLIF4ODV4BDLPARWFPCJ5CZ/"
        }
      ],
      "solutions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "This issue is fixed in PAN-OS 8.1.24, PAN-OS 9.0.17, PAN-OS 9.1.15, PAN-OS 10.0.11, PAN-OS 10.1.6, and all later PAN-OS versions."
            }
          ],
          "value": "This issue is fixed in PAN-OS 8.1.24, PAN-OS 9.0.17, PAN-OS 9.1.15, PAN-OS 10.0.11, PAN-OS 10.1.6, and all later PAN-OS versions."
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "defect": [
          "PAN-171625"
        ],
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2023-04-12T16:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Initial publication"
        }
      ],
      "title": "PAN-OS: Local File Deletion Vulnerability",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0",
    "assignerShortName": "palo_alto",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-0004",
    "datePublished": "2023-04-12T16:41:02.556Z",
    "dateReserved": "2022-10-27T18:48:13.579Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-02-13T16:38:41.195Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2023-0004",
      "date": "2026-10-13",
      "epss": "0.01125",
      "percentile": "0.65423"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "PAN-OS",
                "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "changes": [
                      {
                        "at": "8.1.24",
                        "status": "unaffected"
                      }
                    ],
                    "lessThan": "8.1.24",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "8.1",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "changes": [
                      {
                        "at": "9.0.17",
                        "status": "unaffected"
                      }
                    ],
                    "lessThan": "9.0.17",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "9.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "changes": [
                      {
                        "at": "9.1.15",
                        "status": "unaffected"
                      }
                    ],
                    "lessThan": "9.1.15",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "9.1",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "changes": [
                      {
                        "at": "10.0.11",
                        "status": "unaffected"
                      }
                    ],
                    "lessThan": "10.0.11",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "10.0",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "changes": [
                      {
                        "at": "10.1.6",
                        "status": "unaffected"
                      }
                    ],
                    "lessThan": "10.1.6",
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "10.1",
                    "versionType": "custom"
                  },
                  {
                    "status": "unaffected",
                    "version": "10.2"
                  },
                  {
                    "status": "unaffected",
                    "version": "11.0"
                  }
                ]
              },
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "Prisma Access",
                "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "unaffected",
                    "version": "All"
                  }
                ]
              },
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "Cloud NGFW",
                "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "unaffected",
                    "version": "All"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com"
          }
        ],
        "configurations": [
          {
            "nodes": [
              {
                "cpeMatch": [
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "F7D77695-CFDE-4BAE-8C8B-E389CC5C7A3F",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "8.1.24",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "8.1.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "89A55C5F-8E01-42C4-BE93-D683900C07BE",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "9.0.17",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "9.0.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "88CE0E44-13FF-4FD0-94D2-0C0823A7A70E",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "9.1.15",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "9.1.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "30D919C6-068E-4C81-A7A7-261F0D9E4B66",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "10.0.11",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "E6EB81D3-ADC7-4114-8FFB-C15780239391",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "10.1.6",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "10.1.0",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  }
                ],
                "negate": false,
                "operator": "OR"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "nodes": [
              {
                "cpeMatch": [
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:37:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "E30D0E6F-4AE8-4284-8716-991DFA48CC5D",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:38:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "CC559B26-5DFC-4B7A-A27C-B77DE755DFF9",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:39:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "B8EDB836-4E6A-4B71-B9B2-AA3E03E0F646",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  }
                ],
                "negate": false,
                "operator": "OR"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "A local file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator to delete files from the local file system with elevated privileges.\n\nThese files can include logs and system components that impact the integrity and availability of PAN-OS software."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2023-0004",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T05:24:34.470",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 6.5,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.2,
              "impactScore": 5.2,
              "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
              "type": "Secondary"
            },
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 6.5,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.2,
              "impactScore": 5.2,
              "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
              "type": "Primary"
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2023-04-12T17:15:07.043",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3N4NJ7FR4X4FPZUGNTQAPSTVB2HB2Y4A/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/E72T67UPDRXHIDLO3OROR25YAMN4GGW5/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNA62Q767CFAFHBCDKYNPBMZWB7TWYVU/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HT7T2R4MQKLIF4ODV4BDLPARWFPCJ5CZ/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LKYHSZQFDNR7RSA7LHVLLIAQMVYCUGBG/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X6QXN4ORIVF6XBW4WWFE7VNPVC74S45Y/"
          },
          {
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "tags": [
              "Vendor Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2023-0004"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3N4NJ7FR4X4FPZUGNTQAPSTVB2HB2Y4A/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/E72T67UPDRXHIDLO3OROR25YAMN4GGW5/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FNA62Q767CFAFHBCDKYNPBMZWB7TWYVU/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HT7T2R4MQKLIF4ODV4BDLPARWFPCJ5CZ/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LKYHSZQFDNR7RSA7LHVLLIAQMVYCUGBG/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X6QXN4ORIVF6XBW4WWFE7VNPVC74S45Y/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Vendor Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2023-0004"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
        "vulnStatus": "Modified",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-703"
              }
            ],
            "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com",
            "type": "Secondary"
          },
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Primary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2025-05-28T22:59:33+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-0004",
      "id": "CVE-2023-0004",
      "initial_release_date": "2023-04-12T16:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "PAN-OS: Local File Deletion Vulnerability",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2023/cve-2023-0004.json",
      "version": "3"
    }
  }
}



Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.


Loading…

Loading…

Loading…

Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.

Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

JSON
Events included in the timeline

Loading timeline…


    Loading…

    Loading…

    Loading…

    Related by attack behaviour

    Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.