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CWE-345
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
CVE-2026-25474 (GCVE-0-2026-25474)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 02:38 – Updated: 2026-02-19 17:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw has a Telegram webhook request forgery (missing `channels.telegram.webhookSecret`) → auth bypass
Summary
OpenClaw is a personal AI assistant. In versions 2026.1.30 and below, if channels.telegram.webhookSecret is not set when in Telegram webhook mode, OpenClaw may accept webhook HTTP requests without verifying Telegram’s secret token header. In deployments where the webhook endpoint is reachable by an attacker, this can allow forged Telegram updates (for example spoofing message.from.id). If an attacker can reach the webhook endpoint, they may be able to send forged updates that are processed as if they came from Telegram. Depending on enabled commands/tools and configuration, this could lead to unintended bot actions. Note: Telegram webhook mode is not enabled by default. It is enabled only when `channels.telegram.webhookUrl` is configured. This issue has been fixed in version 2026.2.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/3cbcb… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/5643a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/633fe… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/ca925… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-25602 (GCVE-0-2026-25602)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-20 10:54 – Updated: 2026-05-20 12:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity vulnerability in Mesalvo Meona Client Launcher Component, Mesalvo Meona Server Component makes it possible to send messages to any email address. This issue affects Meona Client Launcher Component: through 19.06.2020 15:11:49; Meona Server Component: through 2025.04 5+323020.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://seccore.at/blog/cves-meona/ | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mesalvo | Meona Client Launcher Component |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 19.06.2020 15:11:49
(custom)
|
|
| Mesalvo | Meona Server Component |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2025.04 5+323020
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-25921 (GCVE-0-2026-25921)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-05 18:36 – Updated: 2026-03-06 18:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Gogs: Cross-repository LFS object overwrite via missing content hash verification
Summary
Gogs is an open source self-hosted Git service. Prior to version 0.14.2, overwritable LFS object across different repos leads to supply-chain attack, all LFS objects are vulnerable to be maliciously overwritten by malicious attackers. This issue has been patched in version 0.14.2.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8166 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/commit/81ee8836445ac… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/releases/tag/v0.14.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-26007 (GCVE-0-2026-26007)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 21:42 – Updated: 2026-07-01 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
cryptography Subgroup Attack Due to Missing Subgroup Validation for SECT Curves
Summary
cryptography is a package designed to expose cryptographic primitives and recipes to Python developers. Prior to 46.0.5, the public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve. This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup. Only SECT curves are impacted by this. This vulnerability is fixed in 46.0.5.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
26 references
Impacted products
34 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pyca | cryptography |
Affected:
< 46.0.5
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.6) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux HighAvailability (v. 8) |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::highavailability |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux High Availability E4S (v.9.2) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::highavailability |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux High Availability EUS (v.9.4) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::highavailability |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Discovery 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.15 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.16 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6.18 |
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.18::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux ResilientStorage (v. 8) |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::resilientstorage |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Resilient Storage E4S (v.9.2) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::resilientstorage |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Resilient Storage EUS (v.9.4) |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::resilientstorage |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Lightspeed |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_lightspeed |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer |
cpe:/a:redhat:trusted_artifact_signer:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform Ansible Core 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_core:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
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CVE-2026-26327 (GCVE-0-2026-26327)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 22:59 – Updated: 2026-02-20 15:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw allows unauthenticated discovery TXT records to steer routing and TLS pinning
Summary
OpenClaw is a personal AI assistant. Discovery beacons (Bonjour/mDNS and DNS-SD) include TXT records such as `lanHost`, `tailnetDns`, `gatewayPort`, and `gatewayTlsSha256`. TXT records are unauthenticated. Prior to version 2026.2.14, some clients treated TXT values as authoritative routing/pinning inputs. iOS and macOS used TXT-provided host hints (`lanHost`/`tailnetDns`) and ports (`gatewayPort`) to build the connection URL. iOS and Android allowed the discovery-provided TLS fingerprint (`gatewayTlsSha256`) to override a previously stored TLS pin. On a shared/untrusted LAN, an attacker could advertise a rogue `_openclaw-gw._tcp` service. This could cause a client to connect to an attacker-controlled endpoint and/or accept an attacker certificate, potentially exfiltrating Gateway credentials (`auth.token` / `auth.password`) during connection. As of time of publication, the iOS and Android apps are alpha/not broadly shipped (no public App Store / Play Store release). Practical impact is primarily limited to developers/testers running those builds, plus any other shipped clients relying on discovery on a shared/untrusted LAN. Version 2026.2.14 fixes the issue. Clients now prefer the resolved service endpoint (SRV + A/AAAA) over TXT-provided routing hints. Discovery-provided fingerprints no longer override stored TLS pins. In iOS/Android, first-time TLS pins require explicit user confirmation (fingerprint shown; no silent TOFU) and discovery-based direct connects are TLS-only. In Android, hostname verification is no longer globally disabled (only bypassed when pinning).
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/d5837… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-27510 (GCVE-0-2026-27510)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 18:56 – Updated: 2026-05-25 23:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unitree Go2 Mobile Program Tampering Enables Root RCE
Summary
Unitree Go2 firmware versions 1.1.7 through 1.1.11, when used with the Unitree Go2 Android application (com.unitree.doggo2), are vulnerable to remote code execution due to missing integrity protection and validation of user-created programmes. The Android application stores programs in a local SQLite database (unitree_go2.db, table dog_programme) and transmits the programme_text content, including the pyCode field, to the robot. The robot's actuator_manager.py executes the supplied Python as root without integrity verification or content validation. An attacker with local access to the Android device can tamper with the stored programme record to inject arbitrary Python that executes when the user triggers the program via a controller keybinding, and the malicious binding persists across reboots. Additionally, a malicious program shared through the application's community marketplace can result in arbitrary code execution on any robot that imports and runs it.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://boschko.ca/unitree-go2-rce/ | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://shop.unitree.com/products/unitree-go2 | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/unitree-go2-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| UnitreeRobotics | Unitree Go2 |
Affected:
1.1.7 , ≤ 1.1.11
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-27700 (GCVE-0-2026-27700)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 15:01 – Updated: 2026-02-27 17:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hono is Vulnerable to Authentication Bypass by IP Spoofing in AWS Lambda ALB conninfo
Summary
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. In versions 4.12.0 and 4.12.1, when using the AWS Lambda adapter (`hono/aws-lambda`) behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB), the `getConnInfo()` function incorrectly selected the first value from the `X-Forwarded-For` header. Because AWS ALB appends the real client IP address to the end of the `X-Forwarded-For` header, the first value can be attacker-controlled. This could allow IP-based access control mechanisms (such as the `ipRestriction` middleware) to be bypassed. Version 4.12.2 patches the issue.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/commit/41adbf56e25… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/releases/tag/v4.12.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-27804 (GCVE-0-2026-27804)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 23:48 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Parse Server: Account takeover via JWT algorithm confusion in Google auth adapter
Summary
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to versions 8.6.3 and 9.1.1-alpha.4, an unauthenticated attacker can forge a Google authentication token with `alg: "none"` to log in as any user linked to a Google account, without knowing their credentials. All deployments with Google authentication enabled are affected. The fix in versions 8.6.3 and 9.1.1-alpha.4 hardcodes the expected `RS256` algorithm instead of trusting the JWT header, and replaces the Google adapter's custom key fetcher with `jwks-rsa` which rejects unknown key IDs. As a workaround, dsable Google authentication until upgrading is possible.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/s… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/r… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/r… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| parse-community | parse-server |
Affected:
>= 9.0.0, < 9.3.1-alpha.4
Affected: < 8.6.3 |
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CVE-2026-28454 (GCVE-0-2026-28454)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-05 21:59 – Updated: 2026-03-09 17:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.2 - Authorization Bypass via Unauthenticated Telegram Webhook
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.2 fail to validate webhook secrets in Telegram webhook mode (must be enabled), allowing unauthenticated HTTP POST requests to the webhook endpoint that trust attacker-controlled JSON payloads. Remote attackers can forge Telegram updates by spoofing message.from.id and chat.id fields to bypass sender allowlists and execute privileged bot commands.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/ca925… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/5643a… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/3cbcb… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/633fe… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-aut… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-14 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-28500 (GCVE-0-2026-28500)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 01:15 – Updated: 2026-06-30 12:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ONNX Untrusted Model Repository Warnings Suppressed by silent=True in onnx.hub.load() — Silent Supply-Chain Attack
Summary
Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) is an open standard for machine learning interoperability. In versions up to and including 1.20.1, a security control bypass exists in onnx.hub.load() due to improper logic in the repository trust verification mechanism. While the function is designed to warn users when loading models from non-official sources, the use of the silent=True parameter completely suppresses all security warnings and confirmation prompts. This vulnerability transforms a standard model-loading function into a vector for Zero-Interaction Supply-Chain Attacks. When chained with file-system vulnerabilities, an attacker can silently exfiltrate sensitive files (SSH keys, cloud credentials) from the victim's machine the moment the model is loaded. As of time of publication, no known patched versions are available.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/onnx/onnx/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ZeroXJacks/CVEs/blob/main/2026… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-28500 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2448518 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| onnx | onnx |
Affected:
<= 1.20.1
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai |
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.