CWE-327
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product uses a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm or protocol.
960 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-FRPV-4F5W-HF37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:17 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:17Z-NOMP before 2018-04-05 has an incorrect Equihash solution verifier that allows attackers to spoof mining shares, as demonstrated by providing a solution with {x1=1,x2=1,x3=1,...,x512=1} to bypass this verifier for any blockheader. This originally affected (for example) the Bitcoin Gold and Zcash cryptocurrencies, and continued to be exploited in the wild in May 2018 against smaller cryptocurrencies.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10831"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-09T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Z-NOMP before 2018-04-05 has an incorrect Equihash solution verifier that allows attackers to spoof mining shares, as demonstrated by providing a solution with {x1=1,x2=1,x3=1,...,x512=1} to bypass this verifier for any blockheader. This originally affected (for example) the Bitcoin Gold and Zcash cryptocurrencies, and continued to be exploited in the wild in May 2018 against smaller cryptocurrencies.",
"id": "GHSA-frpv-4f5w-hf37",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:17:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:17:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10831"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.zencash.com/update-for-the-equihash-mining-application-z-nomp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/edwardz246003/misc/blob/master/Attackers%20Fake%20Computational%20Power%20to%20Steal%20Cryptocurrencies%20from%20Mining%20Pools.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FRVC-6356-58XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-21 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 18:30A flaw was found in GnuTLS. The Minerva attack is a cryptographic vulnerability that exploits deterministic behavior in systems like GnuTLS, leading to side-channel leaks. In specific scenarios, such as when using the GNUTLS_PRIVKEY_FLAG_REPRODUCIBLE flag, it can result in a noticeable step in nonce size from 513 to 512 bits, exposing a potential timing side-channel.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-28834"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-21T14:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in GnuTLS. The Minerva attack is a cryptographic vulnerability that exploits deterministic behavior in systems like GnuTLS, leading to side-channel leaks. In specific scenarios, such as when using the GNUTLS_PRIVKEY_FLAG_REPRODUCIBLE flag, it can result in a noticeable step in nonce size from 513 to 512 bits, exposing a potential timing side-channel.",
"id": "GHSA-frvc-6356-58xm",
"modified": "2025-11-04T18:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-03-21T15:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-28834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1784"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1997"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2570"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2889"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-28834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2269228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/09/msg00019.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnutls-help/2024-March/004845.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://minerva.crocs.fi.muni.cz"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240524-0004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/03/22/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/03/22/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FRVR-H7XX-W54M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 02:12 – Updated: 2025-04-03 04:17The default configuration on OpenSSL before 0.9.8 uses MD5 for creating message digests instead of a more cryptographically strong algorithm, which makes it easier for remote attackers to forge certificates with a valid certificate authority signature.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2005-2946"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2005-09-16T22:03:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The default configuration on OpenSSL before 0.9.8 uses MD5 for creating message digests instead of a more cryptographically strong algorithm, which makes it easier for remote attackers to forge certificates with a valid certificate authority signature.",
"id": "GHSA-frvr-h7xx-w54m",
"modified": "2025-04-03T04:17:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T02:12:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2005-2946"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.ubuntu.com/show_bug.cgi?id=13593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cits.rub.de/MD5Collisions"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-179-1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FWG2-GR34-Q3W8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 20:23 – Updated: 2026-07-01 20:23When a user configures ALGORITHM ES512 for any JWT access method (DEFINE ACCESS ... TYPE JWT ALGORITHM ES512), SurrealDB silently substitutes ES384 at all four internal algorithm conversion points. This occurs because the underlying jsonwebtoken crate (v10.x) does not include an ES512 algorithm variant, so the mapping defaults to ES384 without raising an error, warning, or log message.
Users who provide the correct P-521 key type for ES512 will experience authentication handshake failures due to the curve mismatch with ES384 (which expects P-384).
Impact
Authentication handshake failures when using ES512 with the correct P-521 key type, and when tokens are verified by external systems expecting real ES512 signatures.
This vulnerability cannot be exploited to forge tokens or compromise the integrity or confidentiality of data handled by SurrealDB, as ES384 remains cryptographically strong.
Patches
Versions prior to SurrealDB v3.1.0 are vulnerable.
The patches for SurrealDB v3.1.0 block new DEFINE ACCESS statements using ALGORITHM ES512 with a clear error message and add deprecation warnings at runtime for existing stored ES512 definitions.
Workarounds
Users should reconfigure affected JWT access methods to use a supported algorithm such as ES384 (with a P-384 key pair) or another supported algorithm. Review any DEFINE ACCESS statements specifying ALGORITHM ES512 and update them accordingly.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "surrealdb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-01T20:23:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When a user configures `ALGORITHM ES512` for any JWT access method (`DEFINE ACCESS ... TYPE JWT ALGORITHM ES512`), SurrealDB silently substitutes ES384 at all four internal algorithm conversion points. This occurs because the underlying `jsonwebtoken` crate (v10.x) does not include an ES512 algorithm variant, so the mapping defaults to ES384 without raising an error, warning, or log message.\n \nUsers who provide the correct P-521 key type for ES512 will experience authentication handshake failures due to the curve mismatch with ES384 (which expects P-384).\n \n### Impact\n \nAuthentication handshake failures when using ES512 with the correct P-521 key type, and when tokens are verified by external systems expecting real ES512 signatures. \n \nThis vulnerability cannot be exploited to forge tokens or compromise the integrity or confidentiality of data handled by SurrealDB, as ES384 remains cryptographically strong.\n\n### Patches\n \nVersions prior to SurrealDB `v3.1.0` are vulnerable.\n \nThe patches for SurrealDB `v3.1.0` block new `DEFINE ACCESS` statements using `ALGORITHM ES512` with a clear error message and add deprecation warnings at runtime for existing stored ES512 definitions.\n\n### Workarounds\n \nUsers should reconfigure affected JWT access methods to use a supported algorithm such as ES384 (with a P-384 key pair) or another supported algorithm. Review any `DEFINE ACCESS` statements specifying `ALGORITHM ES512` and update them accordingly.",
"id": "GHSA-fwg2-gr34-q3w8",
"modified": "2026-07-01T20:23:01Z",
"published": "2026-07-01T20:23:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/surrealdb/surrealdb/security/advisories/GHSA-fwg2-gr34-q3w8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/surrealdb/surrealdb/pull/7226"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/surrealdb/surrealdb/commit/bd043d73dad583219d7df2b91f81ab0054c53730"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/surrealdb/surrealdb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "SurrealDB: ES512 silently downgraded to ES384 due to jsonwebtoken crate limitation"
}
GHSA-FWQ4-VPH9-WFM2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:44 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49Citrix NetScaler Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and NetScaler Gateway 10.5 before build 67.13, 11.0 before build 71.22, 11.1 before build 56.19, and 12.0 before build 53.22 might allow remote attackers to decrypt TLS ciphertext data by leveraging a Bleichenbacher RSA padding oracle, aka a ROBOT attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-17382"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-12-13T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Citrix NetScaler Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and NetScaler Gateway 10.5 before build 67.13, 11.0 before build 71.22, 11.1 before build 56.19, and 12.0 before build 53.22 might allow remote attackers to decrypt TLS ciphertext data by leveraging a Bleichenbacher RSA padding oracle, aka a ROBOT attack.",
"id": "GHSA-fwq4-vph9-wfm2",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:44:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17382"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://robotattack.org"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/ctx230238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/144389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102173"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039985"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FX6M-QMCX-9X4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-12 15:31 – Updated: 2025-06-12 15:31A service supports the use of a deprecated and unsafe TLS version. This could be exploited to expose sensitive information, modify data in unexpected ways or spoof identities of other users or devices, affecting the confidentiality and integrity of the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49196"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-12T15:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A service supports the use of a deprecated and unsafe TLS version. This could be exploited to expose sensitive information, modify data in unexpected ways or spoof identities of other users or devices, affecting the confidentiality and integrity of the device.",
"id": "GHSA-fx6m-qmcx-9x4v",
"modified": "2025-06-12T15:31:23Z",
"published": "2025-06-12T15:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49196"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cdn.sick.com/media/docs/1/11/411/Special_information_CYBERSECURITY_BY_SICK_en_IM0084411.PDF"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0007.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0007.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXJV-92H2-P845
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-04 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:47A use of a weak cryptographic algorithm vulnerability [CWE-327] in FortiNAC 9.4.1 and below, 9.2.6 and below, 9.1.0 all versions, 8.8.0 all versions, 8.7.0 all versions may increase the chances of an attacker to have access to sensitive information or to perform man-in-the-middle attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45858"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-03T22:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A use of a weak cryptographic algorithm vulnerability [CWE-327] in FortiNAC 9.4.1 and below, 9.2.6 and below, 9.1.0 all versions, 8.8.0 all versions, 8.7.0 all versions may increase the chances of an attacker to have access to sensitive information or to perform man-in-the-middle attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-fxjv-92h2-p845",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:47:33Z",
"published": "2023-05-04T00:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45858"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-22-452"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FXR3-63W8-HVHX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:15 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:30A weak encryption vulnerability in Mitel MiVoice Connect Client before 214.100.1214.0 could allow an unauthenticated attacker to gain access to user credentials. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to access the system with compromised user credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10377"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-326",
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-17T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A weak encryption vulnerability in Mitel MiVoice Connect Client before 214.100.1214.0 could allow an unauthenticated attacker to gain access to user credentials. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to access the system with compromised user credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-fxr3-63w8-hvhx",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:30:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:15:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories/mitel-product-security-advisory-20-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G27V-678P-WJFH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-26 00:00 – Updated: 2023-08-08 15:31In NetBSD through 9.2, the IPv4 ID generation algorithm does not use appropriate cryptographic measures.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45487"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-25T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In NetBSD through 9.2, the IPv4 ID generation algorithm does not use appropriate cryptographic measures.",
"id": "GHSA-g27v-678p-wjfh",
"modified": "2023-08-08T15:31:27Z",
"published": "2021-12-26T00:00:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.09604.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2021-001.txt.asc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G2Q4-CJ5P-88QG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-29 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-29 00:31A vulnerability was found in SimStudioAI sim up to 0.6.92. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality in the library apps/sim/lib/core/security/deployment.ts of the component Password Protection Handler. Performing a manipulation results in use of weak hash. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The attack's complexity is rated as high. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13510"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-28T23:16:47Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in SimStudioAI sim up to 0.6.92. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality in the library apps/sim/lib/core/security/deployment.ts of the component Password Protection Handler. Performing a manipulation results in use of weak hash. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The attack\u0027s complexity is rated as high. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.",
"id": "GHSA-g2q4-cj5p-88qg",
"modified": "2026-06-29T00:31:40Z",
"published": "2026-06-29T00:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13510"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/simstudioai/sim/issues/4759"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/simstudioai/sim/pull/4760"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/simstudioai/sim"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-13510"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/838842"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374518/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-24
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification [REF-1192].
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-52
Ensure that the design allows one cryptographic algorithm to be replaced with another in the next generation or version. Where possible, use wrappers to make the interfaces uniform. This will make it easier to upgrade to stronger algorithms. With hardware, design the product at the Intellectual Property (IP) level so that one cryptographic algorithm can be replaced with another in the next generation of the hardware product.
Mitigation
Carefully manage and protect cryptographic keys (see CWE-320). If the keys can be guessed or stolen, then the strength of the cryptography itself is irrelevant.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Industry-standard implementations will save development time and may be more likely to avoid errors that can occur during implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Consider the ESAPI Encryption feature.
Mitigation MIT-25
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.
CAPEC-608: Cryptanalysis of Cellular Encryption
The use of cryptanalytic techniques to derive cryptographic keys or otherwise effectively defeat cellular encryption to reveal traffic content. Some cellular encryption algorithms such as A5/1 and A5/2 (specified for GSM use) are known to be vulnerable to such attacks and commercial tools are available to execute these attacks and decrypt mobile phone conversations in real-time. Newer encryption algorithms in use by UMTS and LTE are stronger and currently believed to be less vulnerable to these types of attacks. Note, however, that an attacker with a Cellular Rogue Base Station can force the use of weak cellular encryption even by newer mobile devices.
CAPEC-614: Rooting SIM Cards
SIM cards are the de facto trust anchor of mobile devices worldwide. The cards protect the mobile identity of subscribers, associate devices with phone numbers, and increasingly store payment credentials, for example in NFC-enabled phones with mobile wallets. This attack leverages over-the-air (OTA) updates deployed via cryptographically-secured SMS messages to deliver executable code to the SIM. By cracking the DES key, an attacker can send properly signed binary SMS messages to a device, which are treated as Java applets and are executed on the SIM. These applets are allowed to send SMS, change voicemail numbers, and query the phone location, among many other predefined functions. These capabilities alone provide plenty of potential for abuse.
CAPEC-97: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).