CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
9612 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-C8M8-VX8J-3WR3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-02 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-10 21:30A code injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed setting arbitrary environment variables from a single environment variable value in GitHub Actions when using a Windows based runner. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need existing permission to control the value of environment variables for use with GitHub Actions. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.8.0 and was fixed in versions 3.4.15, 3.5.12, 3.6.8, 3.7.5. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22381"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-02T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A code injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed setting arbitrary environment variables from a single environment variable value in GitHub Actions when using a Windows based runner. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need existing permission to control the value of environment variables for use with GitHub Actions. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.8.0 and was fixed in versions 3.4.15, 3.5.12, 3.6.8, 3.7.5. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.",
"id": "GHSA-c8m8-vx8j-3wr3",
"modified": "2023-03-10T21:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-03-02T21:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.4/admin/release-notes#3.4.15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.5/admin/release-notes#3.5.12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.6/admin/release-notes#3.6.8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.7/admin/release-notes#3.7.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.8/admin/release-notes"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C8P5-VH9M-2GGJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-05 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33Vasion Print (formerly PrinterLogic) before Virtual Appliance Host 22.0.843 Application 20.0.1923 allows Remote Code Execution V-2023-008.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27657"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-05T06:15:37Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Vasion Print (formerly PrinterLogic) before Virtual Appliance Host 22.0.843 Application 20.0.1923 allows Remote Code Execution V-2023-008.",
"id": "GHSA-c8p5-vh9m-2ggj",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:06Z",
"published": "2025-03-05T06:31:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27657"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.printerlogic.com/saas/Print/Security/Security-Bulletins.htm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-04-08-vasion-printerlogic-83-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/18"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C8PF-2PV8-V359
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-28 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in realmag777 WordPress Meta Data and Taxonomies Filter (MDTF) allows Code Injection.This issue affects WordPress Meta Data and Taxonomies Filter (MDTF): from n/a through 1.3.3.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50450"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-28T12:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in realmag777 WordPress Meta Data and Taxonomies Filter (MDTF) allows Code Injection.This issue affects WordPress Meta Data and Taxonomies Filter (MDTF): from n/a through 1.3.3.4.",
"id": "GHSA-c8pf-2pv8-v359",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:09Z",
"published": "2024-10-28T12:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50450"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-meta-data-filter-and-taxonomy-filter/vulnerability/wordpress-mdtf-meta-data-and-taxonomies-filter-plugin-1-3-3-4-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wp-meta-data-filter-and-taxonomy-filter/wordpress-mdtf-meta-data-and-taxonomies-filter-plugin-1-3-3-4-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C8QC-C83F-7W46
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:34 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:34Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 through 10 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-3151 and CVE-2013-3163.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-3144"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-07-10T03:46:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 through 10 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka \"Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability,\" a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-3151 and CVE-2013-3163.",
"id": "GHSA-c8qc-c83f-7w46",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:34:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:34:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3144"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-055"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A17024"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-190A"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-C8QC-CP8V-PRPX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:02 – Updated: 2023-07-25 00:06There is Remote Code Execution in Centreon 3.4.6 including Centreon Web 2.8.23 via the RPN value in the Virtual Metric form in centreonGraph.class.php.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "centreon/centreon"
},
"versions": [
"3.4.6"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "centreon/centreon"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.8.23"
},
{
"fixed": "2.8.24"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.8.23"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-11587"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-25T00:06:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-25T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "There is Remote Code Execution in Centreon 3.4.6 including Centreon Web 2.8.23 via the RPN value in the Virtual Metric form in centreonGraph.class.php.",
"id": "GHSA-c8qc-cp8v-prpx",
"modified": "2023-07-25T00:06:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:02:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-11587"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/pull/6263"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/pull/6263/commits/fb438e6aaf133cc5f9d25130653ba8fdc6ecf51f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.centreon.com/docs/centreon/en/latest/release_notes/centreon-2.8/centreon-2.8.24.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Centreon RCE Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-C8V6-VXHF-WCRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-25 15:31 – Updated: 2025-04-25 17:27A flaw was found in Moodle. A remote code execution risk was identified in the Moodle LMS Dropbox repository. By default, this was only available to teachers and managers on sites with the Dropbox repository enabled.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.3.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.4.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "4.4.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.0-beta"
},
{
"fixed": "4.5.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3641"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-25T17:27:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-25T15:15:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Moodle. A remote code execution risk was identified in the Moodle LMS Dropbox repository. By default, this was only available to teachers and managers on sites with the Dropbox repository enabled.",
"id": "GHSA-c8v6-vxhf-wcrr",
"modified": "2025-04-25T17:27:41Z",
"published": "2025-04-25T15:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3641"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/27b839b5c60389623ca8e3496792b43a44527cd6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-3641"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2359735"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=467602"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moodle has an authenticated remote code execution risk in the Moodle LMS Dropbox repository"
}
GHSA-C8VH-8H4W-HXHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 06:46 – Updated: 2022-05-01 06:46PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in archive.php in Fantastic News 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to include arbitrary files via the CONFIG[script_path] variable. NOTE: 2.1.4 was also reported to be vulnerable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2006-1154"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2006-03-10T11:02:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in archive.php in Fantastic News 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to include arbitrary files via the CONFIG[script_path] variable. NOTE: 2.1.4 was also reported to be vulnerable.",
"id": "GHSA-c8vh-8h4w-hxhr",
"modified": "2022-05-01T06:46:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T06:46:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2006-1154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/25064"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/31121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/3027"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/21807"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/23519"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sx02.coresec.de/advisories/152.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/16985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/21796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2006/0826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2006/3513"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-C8VM-3472-WWFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-28 21:30 – Updated: 2024-08-01 15:31Cross Site Scripting vulnerability in Phpgurukul User Registration & Login and User Management System 1.0 allows attackers to run arbitrary code via the search bar.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25202"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-28T20:15:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cross Site Scripting vulnerability in Phpgurukul User Registration \u0026 Login and User Management System 1.0 allows attackers to run arbitrary code via the search bar.",
"id": "GHSA-c8vm-3472-wwfq",
"modified": "2024-08-01T15:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-02-28T21:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oMNcChsXPMP9pu9lIE2C11n8mzkmLhcY/view"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Agampreet-Singh/CVE-2024-25202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40agampreetsingh_93704/cve-2024-25202-discover-by-agampreet-singh-cyber-security-expert-ff8e32f5cf52"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C8X6-P29H-WM35
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 18:30Improper control of generation of code ('code injection') in Microsoft Defender for Linux allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over an adjacent network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21537"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T18:16:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper control of generation of code (\u0027code injection\u0027) in Microsoft Defender for Linux allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over an adjacent network.",
"id": "GHSA-c8x6-p29h-wm35",
"modified": "2026-02-10T18:30:42Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T18:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21537"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-21537"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C92R-FMFR-3Q4W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-16 15:38 – Updated: 2026-10-19 12:32Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Apache Kylin. Special parameter in JDBC URL can lead to code injection. Impact most to the kylin services that are directly exposed to public network, which is not common. In-house kylin deployments are mostly not impacted.
This issue affects Apache Kylin: from 4 through 5.0.4.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 5.0.5, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-68571"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-16T13:16:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Apache Kylin. Special parameter in JDBC URL can lead to code injection.\u00a0\nImpact most to the kylin services that are directly exposed to public network, which is not common. In-house kylin deployments are mostly not impacted.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis issue affects Apache Kylin: from 4 through 5.0.4.\n\n\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 5.0.5, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-c92r-fmfr-3q4w",
"modified": "2026-10-19T12:32:26Z",
"published": "2026-10-16T15:38:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-68571"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/vmjozo864ss37c1jbdlld9m6d84ndpbs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/10/16/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.