CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
9480 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-77W2-V593-VXVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-30 21:30 – Updated: 2026-02-01 18:07Salt's junos execution module contained an unsafe YAML decode/load usage. A specially crafted YAML payload processed by the junos module could lead to unintended code execution under the context of the Salt process.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "salt"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3006.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62348"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-01T18:07:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-30T19:16:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Salt\u0027s junos execution module contained an unsafe YAML decode/load usage. A specially crafted YAML payload processed by the junos module could lead to unintended code execution under the context of the Salt process.",
"id": "GHSA-77w2-v593-vxvv",
"modified": "2026-02-01T18:07:48Z",
"published": "2026-01-30T21:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62348"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/issues/68469"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt/pull/68472/commits/c17fd645edef208233dcac855615fced69409a00"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.saltproject.io/en/latest/topics/releases/3006.17.html"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/saltstack/salt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Salt junos Module Vulnerable to Code Injection via Specially Crafted YAML Payload"
}
GHSA-77WX-CF44-5RXX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-05-22 21:30Predictable filename vulnerabilities in ASPECT may expose sensitive information to a potential attacker if administrator credentials become compromisedThis issue affects ASPECT-Enterprise: through 3.; NEXUS Series: through 3.; MATRIX Series: through 3.*.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-13952"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-22T19:15:39Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Predictable filename vulnerabilities in ASPECT may expose sensitive information to a potential attacker if administrator credentials become compromisedThis issue affects ASPECT-Enterprise: through 3.*; NEXUS Series: through 3.*; MATRIX Series: through 3.*.",
"id": "GHSA-77wx-cf44-5rxx",
"modified": "2025-05-22T21:30:47Z",
"published": "2025-05-22T21:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK108471A0021\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=pdf\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-782P-5FR5-7FJ8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-17 18:40 – Updated: 2026-02-19 21:14Summary
When the Slack integration is enabled, Slack channel metadata (topic/description) could be incorporated into the model's system prompt.
Impact
Prompt injection is a documented risk for LLM-driven systems. This issue increased the injection surface by allowing untrusted Slack channel metadata to be treated as higher-trust system input.
This is relevant only for deployments that enable Slack. In deployments where tool execution is enabled, a successful injection could lead to unintended tool invocations and/or unintended data exposure.
Affected Packages / Versions
- npm:
openclaw< 2026.2.3
Patched Versions
- npm:
openclaw>= 2026.2.3
Mitigation
- If you do not use Slack: no action required.
- If you use Slack: upgrade to a patched version.
Fix Commit(s)
- 35eb40a7000b59085e9c638a80fd03917c7a095e
Thanks @KonstantinMirin for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24764"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-17T18:40:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T07:17:44Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "## Summary\nWhen the Slack integration is enabled, Slack channel metadata (topic/description) could be incorporated into the model\u0027s system prompt.\n\n## Impact\nPrompt injection is a documented risk for LLM-driven systems. This issue increased the injection surface by allowing untrusted Slack channel metadata to be treated as higher-trust system input.\n\nThis is relevant only for deployments that enable Slack. In deployments where tool execution is enabled, a successful injection could lead to unintended tool invocations and/or unintended data exposure.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- npm: `openclaw` \u003c 2026.2.3\n\n## Patched Versions\n- npm: `openclaw` \u003e= 2026.2.3\n\n## Mitigation\n- If you do not use Slack: no action required.\n- If you use Slack: upgrade to a patched version.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- 35eb40a7000b59085e9c638a80fd03917c7a095e\n\nThanks @KonstantinMirin for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-782p-5fr5-7fj8",
"modified": "2026-02-19T21:14:23Z",
"published": "2026-02-17T18:40:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-782p-5fr5-7fj8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/35eb40a7000b59085e9c638a80fd03917c7a095e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw Affected by Remote Code Execution via System Prompt Injection in Slack Channel Descriptions"
}
GHSA-7832-V88Q-GGQQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:01 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:01Akamai NetSession 1.9.3.1 is vulnerable to DLL Hijacking: it tries to load CSUNSAPI.dll without supplying the complete path. The issue is aggravated because the mentioned DLL is missing from the installation, thus making it possible to hijack the DLL and subsequently inject code within the Akamai NetSession process space.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10157"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-01-23T07:59:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Akamai NetSession 1.9.3.1 is vulnerable to DLL Hijacking: it tries to load CSUNSAPI.dll without supplying the complete path. The issue is aggravated because the mentioned DLL is missing from the installation, thus making it possible to hijack the DLL and subsequently inject code within the Akamai NetSession process space.",
"id": "GHSA-7832-v88q-ggqq",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:01:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:01:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/140366/Akamai-NetSession-1.9.3.1-DLL-Hijacking.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/95995"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-784R-2WG6-39WC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-10 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:26An issue in SeaCMS v.12.8 allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code via the admin_ notify.php component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-44846"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-10T01:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in SeaCMS v.12.8 allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code via the admin_ notify.php component.",
"id": "GHSA-784r-2wg6-39wc",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:26:47Z",
"published": "2023-10-10T03:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44846"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.csdn.net/2301_79997870/article/details/133365547?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.csdn.net/2301_79997870/article/details/133661890?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-785F-3QGQ-GHQ3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 03:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 03:30A security vulnerability has been detected in RubyLouvre avalon up to 2.2.10. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file src/filters/index.js of the component Template Filter Handler. Such manipulation leads to improperly controlled modification of object prototype attributes. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-12209"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T03:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in RubyLouvre avalon up to 2.2.10. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file src/filters/index.js of the component Template Filter Handler. Such manipulation leads to improperly controlled modification of object prototype attributes. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-785f-3qgq-ghq3",
"modified": "2026-06-15T03:30:32Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T03:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-12209"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OriginSecurityX/avalon-filter-rce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-12209"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/832447"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/370851"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/370851/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-785G-RP7V-287F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-27 00:01 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31jpress 4.2.0 is vulnerable to remote code execution via io.jpress.module.article.kit.ArticleNotifyKit#doSendEmail. The admin panel provides a function through which attackers can edit the email templates and inject some malicious code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-46118"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-26T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "jpress 4.2.0 is vulnerable to remote code execution via io.jpress.module.article.kit.ArticleNotifyKit#doSendEmail. The admin panel provides a function through which attackers can edit the email templates and inject some malicious code.",
"id": "GHSA-785g-rp7v-287f",
"modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:24Z",
"published": "2022-01-27T00:01:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JPressProjects/jpress/issues/170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JPressProjects/jpress"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jpress.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7862-88G8-9QVM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:38 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:36The "runshellscript echo.sh" script in Splunk before 5.0.5 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted string. NOTE: this issue was SPLIT from CVE-2013-6771 per ADT2 due to different vulnerability types.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-7394"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-08-07T11:13:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The \"runshellscript echo.sh\" script in Splunk before 5.0.5 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted string. NOTE: this issue was SPLIT from CVE-2013-6771 per ADT2 due to different vulnerability types.",
"id": "GHSA-7862-88g8-9qvm",
"modified": "2025-04-12T12:36:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:38:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-7394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.splunk.com/view/SP-CAAAH76"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-14-053"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-7889-RM5J-HPGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-23 19:40 – Updated: 2022-02-08 21:01Affected packages
The vulnerability has been discovered in clipboard plugin. All plugins with clipboard plugin dependency are affected:
Impact
A potential vulnerability has been discovered in CKEditor 4 Clipboard package. The vulnerability allowed to abuse paste functionality using malformed HTML, which could result in injecting arbitrary HTML into the editor. It affects all users using the CKEditor 4 plugins listed above at version >= 4.5.2.
Patches
The problem has been recognized and patched. The fix will be available in version 4.16.2.
For more information
Email us at security@cksource.com if you have any questions or comments about this advisory.
Acknowledgements
The CKEditor 4 team would like to thank Anton Subbotin (skavans) for recognizing and reporting this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "ckeditor4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.5.2"
},
{
"fixed": "4.16.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32809"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-23T16:49:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-12T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Affected packages\nThe vulnerability has been discovered in [clipboard](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/clipboard) plugin. All plugins with [clipboard](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/clipboard) plugin dependency are affected:\n\n* [clipboard](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/clipboard)\n* [pastetext](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/pastetext)\n* [pastetools](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/pastetools)\n* [widget](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/widget)\n* [uploadwidget](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/uploadwidget)\n* [autolink](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/autolink)\n* [tableselection](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/tableselection)\n\n### Impact\nA potential vulnerability has been discovered in CKEditor 4 [Clipboard](https://ckeditor.com/cke4/addon/clipboard) package. The vulnerability allowed to abuse paste functionality using malformed HTML, which could result in injecting arbitrary HTML into the editor. It affects all users using the CKEditor 4 plugins listed above at version \u003e= 4.5.2.\n\n### Patches\nThe problem has been recognized and patched. The fix will be available in version 4.16.2.\n\n### For more information\nEmail us at security@cksource.com if you have any questions or comments about this advisory.\n\n### Acknowledgements\nThe CKEditor 4 team would like to thank Anton Subbotin ([skavans](https://github.com/skavans)) for recognizing and reporting this vulnerability.\n",
"id": "GHSA-7889-rm5j-hpgg",
"modified": "2022-02-08T21:01:48Z",
"published": "2021-08-23T19:40:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor4/security/advisories/GHSA-7889-rm5j-hpgg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32809"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NYA354LJP47KCVJMTUO77ZCX3ZK42G3T"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/UVOYN2WKDPLKCNILIGEZM236ABQASLGW"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WAGNWHFIQAVCP537KFFS2A2GDG66J7XD"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Clipboard feature vulnerability allowing to inject arbitrary HTML into the editor using paste functionality"
}
GHSA-788W-68H3-CVXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-07 20:43 – Updated: 2026-10-07 20:43Impact
An image processing library bundled with Ghost contained a vulnerability in its SVG handling. Any staff user, including Contributors, could create a bookmark card for an attacker-controlled website, resulting in arbitrary commands being run on the Ghost server.
Vulnerable versions
This vulnerability is present in Ghost from v6.56.0 up to v6.65.0.
Patches
v6.67.0 contains a fix for this issue.
How to update
For self-hosters using Docker, find Docker's official Ghost image here. Updating a Docker-based Ghost instance is documented here.
If your Ghost is a Ghost-CLI install see our documentation on updating it to the latest version here.
References
We thank Rafael B. for disclosing this vulnerability responsibly.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, email us at security@ghost.org.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "ghost"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.56.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.67.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-105642"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1395",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-07T20:43:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-05T19:17:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAn image processing library bundled with Ghost contained a vulnerability in its SVG handling. Any staff user, including Contributors, could create a bookmark card for an attacker-controlled website, resulting in arbitrary commands being run on the Ghost server.\n\n### Vulnerable versions\n\nThis vulnerability is present in Ghost from v6.56.0 up to v6.65.0.\n\n### Patches\n\nv6.67.0 contains a fix for this issue.\n\n### How to update\n\nFor self-hosters using Docker, find [Docker\u0027s official Ghost image here](https://hub.docker.com/_/ghost). Updating a Docker-based Ghost instance [is documented here](https://docs.ghost.org/install/docker#updating-ghost). \n\nIf your Ghost is a Ghost-CLI install see our documentation on [updating it to the latest version here](https://docs.ghost.org/update). \n\n### References\n\nWe thank [Rafael B.](https://github.com/rafabd1) for disclosing this vulnerability responsibly.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, email us at [security@ghost.org](mailto:security@ghost.org).",
"id": "GHSA-788w-68h3-cvxp",
"modified": "2026-10-07T20:43:08Z",
"published": "2026-10-07T20:43:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost/security/advisories/GHSA-788w-68h3-cvxp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-105642"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Ghost: Remote Code Execution via Bookmark Card Images"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.