CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8378 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8FR4-5Q9J-M8GM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-02 17:34 – Updated: 2026-07-17 16:16Summary
vllm has a critical remote code execution vector in a config class named Nemotron_Nano_VL_Config. When vllm loads a model config that contains an auto_map entry, the config class resolves that mapping with get_class_from_dynamic_module(...) and immediately instantiates the returned class. This fetches and executes Python from the remote repository referenced in the auto_map string. Crucially, this happens even when the caller explicitly sets trust_remote_code=False in vllm.transformers_utils.config.get_config. In practice, an attacker can publish a benign-looking frontend repo whose config.json points via auto_map to a separate malicious backend repo; loading the frontend will silently run the backend’s code on the victim host.
Details
The vulnerable code resolves and instantiates classes from auto_map entries without checking whether those entries point to a different repo or whether remote code execution is allowed.
class Nemotron_Nano_VL_Config(PretrainedConfig):
model_type = 'Llama_Nemotron_Nano_VL'
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
if vision_config is not None:
assert "auto_map" in vision_config and "AutoConfig" in vision_config["auto_map"]
# <-- vulnerable dynamic resolution + instantiation happens here
vision_auto_config = get_class_from_dynamic_module(*vision_config["auto_map"]["AutoConfig"].split("--")[::-1])
self.vision_config = vision_auto_config(**vision_config)
else:
self.vision_config = PretrainedConfig()
get_class_from_dynamic_module(...) is capable of fetching and importing code from the Hugging Face repo specified in the mapping. trust_remote_code is not enforced for this code path. As a result, a frontend repo can redirect the loader to any backend repo and cause code execution, bypassing the trust_remote_code guard.
Impact
This is a critical vulnerability because it breaks the documented trust_remote_code safety boundary in a core model-loading utility. The vulnerable code lives in a common loading path, so any application, service, CI job, or developer machine that uses vllm’s transformer utilities to load configs can be affected. The attack requires only two repos and no user interaction beyond loading the frontend model. A successful exploit can execute arbitrary commands on the host.
Fixes
- https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/28126
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vllm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66448"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-02T17:34:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-01T23:15:54Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\n`vllm` has a critical remote code execution vector in a config class named `Nemotron_Nano_VL_Config`. When `vllm` loads a model config that contains an `auto_map` entry, the config class resolves that mapping with `get_class_from_dynamic_module(...)` and immediately instantiates the returned class. This fetches and executes Python from the remote repository referenced in the `auto_map` string. Crucially, this happens even when the caller explicitly sets `trust_remote_code=False` in `vllm.transformers_utils.config.get_config`. In practice, an attacker can publish a benign-looking frontend repo whose `config.json` points via `auto_map` to a separate malicious backend repo; loading the frontend will silently run the backend\u2019s code on the victim host.\n\n### Details\n\nThe vulnerable code resolves and instantiates classes from `auto_map` entries without checking whether those entries point to a different repo or whether remote code execution is allowed.\n\n```python\nclass Nemotron_Nano_VL_Config(PretrainedConfig):\n model_type = \u0027Llama_Nemotron_Nano_VL\u0027\n\n def __init__(self, **kwargs):\n super().__init__(**kwargs)\n\n if vision_config is not None:\n assert \"auto_map\" in vision_config and \"AutoConfig\" in vision_config[\"auto_map\"]\n # \u003c-- vulnerable dynamic resolution + instantiation happens here\n vision_auto_config = get_class_from_dynamic_module(*vision_config[\"auto_map\"][\"AutoConfig\"].split(\"--\")[::-1])\n self.vision_config = vision_auto_config(**vision_config)\n else:\n self.vision_config = PretrainedConfig()\n```\n\n`get_class_from_dynamic_module(...)` is capable of fetching and importing code from the Hugging Face repo specified in the mapping. `trust_remote_code` is not enforced for this code path. As a result, a frontend repo can redirect the loader to any backend repo and cause code execution, bypassing the `trust_remote_code` guard.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is a critical vulnerability because it breaks the documented `trust_remote_code` safety boundary in a core model-loading utility. The vulnerable code lives in a common loading path, so any application, service, CI job, or developer machine that uses `vllm`\u2019s transformer utilities to load configs can be affected. The attack requires only two repos and no user interaction beyond loading the frontend model. A successful exploit can execute arbitrary commands on the host.\n\n### Fixes\n\n* https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/28126",
"id": "GHSA-8fr4-5q9j-m8gm",
"modified": "2026-07-17T16:16:28Z",
"published": "2025-12-02T17:34:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/security/advisories/GHSA-8fr4-5q9j-m8gm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66448"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/28126"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/commit/ffb08379d8870a1a81ba82b72797f196838d0c86"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-8fr4-5q9j-m8gm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vllm/PYSEC-2026-2015.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/vllm"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "vLLM vulnerable to remote code execution via transformers_utils/get_config"
}
GHSA-8FV4-9PP2-8R8Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:16 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:16Eval injection vulnerability in index.php in phpSlash 0.8.1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via the fields parameter, which is supplied to an eval function call within the generic function in include/class/tz_env.class. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-0517"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-02-11T00:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Eval injection vulnerability in index.php in phpSlash 0.8.1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via the fields parameter, which is supplied to an eval function call within the generic function in include/class/tz_env.class. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.",
"id": "GHSA-8fv4-9pp2-8r8q",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:16:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:16:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-0517"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/48441"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/7948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/51727"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/33717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/500664/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/33572"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8FWG-MWP7-29PF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:24 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:31** DISPUTED ** Race condition in KingSoft Personal Firewall 9 Plus 2009.05.07.70 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-5164"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-08-25T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** Race condition in KingSoft Personal Firewall 9 Plus 2009.05.07.70 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.",
"id": "GHSA-8fwg-mwp7-29pf",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:31:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:24:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-5164"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2010-05/0026.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-05/0066.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://countermeasures.trendmicro.eu/you-just-cant-trust-a-drunk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/advisories/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/articles/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001949.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/67660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/39924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/07/argument_switch_av_bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8FX7-HX38-CM88
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:20 – Updated: 2026-07-05 03:30The PING function on the TP-Link TL-WR840N EU v5 router with firmware through TL-WR840N(EU)_V5_171211 is vulnerable to remote code execution via a crafted payload in an IP address input field.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41653"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-13T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The PING function on the TP-Link TL-WR840N EU v5 router with firmware through TL-WR840N(EU)_V5_171211 is vulnerable to remote code execution via a crafted payload in an IP address input field.",
"id": "GHSA-8fx7-hx38-cm88",
"modified": "2026-07-05T03:30:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:20:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://k4m1ll0.com/cve-2021-41653.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tp-link.com/us/press/security-advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://tp-link.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G7G-6FXG-J37P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:44 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:44PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in W2B Online Banking allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the ilang parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-1893"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-04-18T22:05:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in W2B Online Banking allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the ilang parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-8g7g-6fxg-j37p",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:44:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:44:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-1893"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/41931"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=120829213903472\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28796"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8G7P-MX5X-8FRC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-09 15:30A improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine [CWE-1336] in FortiManager versions 7.4.1 and below, versions 7.2.4 and below, and 7.0.10 and below allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted templates.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47542"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1336",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T15:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine [CWE-1336] in FortiManager versions 7.4.1 and below, versions 7.2.4 and below, and 7.0.10 and below allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted templates.",
"id": "GHSA-8g7p-mx5x-8frc",
"modified": "2024-04-09T15:30:37Z",
"published": "2024-04-09T15:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47542"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-419"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G7Q-WQ2R-7XQC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-04 00:27 – Updated: 2022-05-04 00:27Microsoft Visio Viewer 2010 Gold and SP1 does not properly handle memory during the parsing of files, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted attributes in a Visio file, aka "VSD File Format Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-0019, CVE-2012-0136, CVE-2012-0137, and CVE-2012-0138.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-0020"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-02-14T22:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Visio Viewer 2010 Gold and SP1 does not properly handle memory during the parsing of files, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted attributes in a Visio file, aka \"VSD File Format Memory Corruption Vulnerability,\" a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-0019, CVE-2012-0136, CVE-2012-0137, and CVE-2012-0138.",
"id": "GHSA-8g7q-wq2r-7xqc",
"modified": "2022-05-04T00:27:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-04T00:27:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-0020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2012/ms12-015"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A14965"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA12-045A.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8GFH-3V6P-R825
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:41 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:41IBM OpenPages GRC Platform 6.1.0.1 before IF4 allows remote attackers to conduct link injection attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-3011"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-06-27T23:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM OpenPages GRC Platform 6.1.0.1 before IF4 allows remote attackers to conduct link injection attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-8gfh-3v6p-r825",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:41:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:41:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-3011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21676990"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8GG3-87G6-9GJ3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-18 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:02Hidden functionality vulnerability in LAN-WH300N/RE all versions provided by LOGITEC CORPORATION allows an authenticated user to execute arbitrary OS commands on a certain management console.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38576"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-18T10:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Hidden functionality vulnerability in LAN-WH300N/RE all versions provided by LOGITEC CORPORATION allows an authenticated user to execute arbitrary OS commands on a certain management console.",
"id": "GHSA-8gg3-87g6-9gj3",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:02:47Z",
"published": "2023-08-18T12:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU91630351"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.elecom.co.jp/news/security/20230810-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8GHF-X63G-5453
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:33 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:33Unauthenticated remote code execution issue in Micro Focus Solutions Business Manager (SBM) (formerly Serena Business Manager (SBM)) versions prior to 11.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-19641"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-27T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated remote code execution issue in Micro Focus Solutions Business Manager (SBM) (formerly Serena Business Manager (SBM)) versions prior to 11.5.",
"id": "GHSA-8ghf-x63g-5453",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:33:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:33:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-19641"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://help.serena.com/doc_center/sbm/ver11_5/sbm_release_notes.htm"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.