CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8385 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-536C-J2QM-3HW6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 18:31 – Updated: 2026-05-26 18:31IBM Web Server Plug-ins for WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Liberty 8.5, 9.0 IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty are vulnerable to remote code execution in the Web Server Plug-ins, through a specially crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8633"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T18:16:56Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "IBM Web Server Plug-ins for WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Liberty 8.5, 9.0 IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty are vulnerable to remote code execution in the Web Server Plug-ins, through a specially crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-536c-j2qm-3hw6",
"modified": "2026-05-26T18:31:51Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T18:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8633"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7274072"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5396-497V-5R3R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:51 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:51The wato component in Check_MK before 1.2.4p4 and 1.2.5 before 1.2.5i4 uses the pickle Python module unsafely, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted serialized object, related to an automation URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-5340"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-09-02T14:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The wato component in Check_MK before 1.2.4p4 and 1.2.5 before 1.2.5i4 uses the pickle Python module unsafely, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted serialized object, related to an automation URL.",
"id": "GHSA-5396-497v-5r3r",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:51:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:51:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-5340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://mathias-kettner.de/check_mk_werks.php?werk_id=984"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/127941/Deutsche-Telekom-CERT-Advisory-DTC-A-20140820-001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-1495.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/533180/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-53GH-P8JC-7RG8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-10-15 16:06BerriAI/litellm version 1.40.12 contains a vulnerability that allows remote code execution. The issue exists in the handling of the 'post_call_rules' configuration, where a callback function can be added. The provided value is split at the final '.' mark, with the last part considered the function name and the remaining part appended with the '.py' extension and imported. This allows an attacker to set a system method, such as 'os.system', as a callback, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands when a chat response is processed.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "litellm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.40.3.dev2"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.40.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6825"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-20T19:55:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "BerriAI/litellm version 1.40.12 contains a vulnerability that allows remote code execution. The issue exists in the handling of the \u0027post_call_rules\u0027 configuration, where a callback function can be added. The provided value is split at the final \u0027.\u0027 mark, with the last part considered the function name and the remaining part appended with the \u0027.py\u0027 extension and imported. This allows an attacker to set a system method, such as \u0027os.system\u0027, as a callback, enabling the execution of arbitrary commands when a chat response is processed.",
"id": "GHSA-53gh-p8jc-7rg8",
"modified": "2025-10-15T16:06:56Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6825"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/berriai/litellm/commit/441c7275ed2715f47650a7c2e525055c804073a9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/blob/056913fd7049923a106130b02d7c29e7f312beec/litellm/utils.py#L2818"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/1d98bebb-6cf4-46c9-87c3-d3b1972973b5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "LiteLLM Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution (RCE)"
}
GHSA-53P5-XXHH-3J8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:36 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:36Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Visio 2002 SP2, 2003 SP2 and SP3, and 2007 up to SP1 allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a Visio file containing crafted object header data, aka "Visio Object Header Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-1089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-04-08T23:05:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Visio 2002 SP2, 2003 SP2 and SP3, and 2007 up to SP1 allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a Visio file containing crafted object header data, aka \"Visio Object Header Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-53p5-xxhh-3j8x",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:36:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:36:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-1089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2008/ms08-019"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/41451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A5496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=120845064910729\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29691"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28555"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1019804"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA08-099A.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/1143/references"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-53R3-HG2H-CXVW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:39 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:39PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in RPortal 1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the file_op parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-6099"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-02-10T18:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in RPortal 1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the file_op parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-53r3-hg2h-cxvw",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:39:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:39:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6099"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/45618"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6648"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32075"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/496891/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31523"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-53RW-GV4M-Q3JG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:28 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:28CRLF injection vulnerability in the integrated web server on Siemens SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU devices 2.x and 3.x allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-2909"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-04-25T05:12:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "CRLF injection vulnerability in the integrated web server on Siemens SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU devices 2.x and 3.x allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-53rw-gv4m-q3jg",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:28:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:28:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2909"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-892012.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-114-02"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.siemens.com/innovation/pool/de/forschungsfelder/siemens_security_advisory_ssa-892012.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-53WX-2F9C-XXXR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-13 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-25717"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-13T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin\u0026password=password$(curl substring.",
"id": "GHSA-53wx-2f9c-xxxr",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:40Z",
"published": "2023-02-13T21:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cybir.com/2023/cve/proof-of-concept-ruckus-wireless-admin-10-4-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-csrf-ssrf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.ruckuswireless.com/security_bulletins/315"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2023-25717"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-542R-5CX4-5QFX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:55 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:55Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in PHPope 1.0.0 and earlier allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the (1) GLOBALS[config][dir][plugins] parameter to plugins/address/admin/index.php, (2) GLOBALS[config][dir][functions] parameter to plugins/im/compose.php, and (3) GLOBALS[config][dir][classes] parameter to plugins/cssedit/admin/index.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-4472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-12-30T21:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in PHPope 1.0.0 and earlier allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the (1) GLOBALS[config][dir][plugins] parameter to plugins/address/admin/index.php, (2) GLOBALS[config][dir][functions] parameter to plugins/im/compose.php, and (3) GLOBALS[config][dir][classes] parameter to plugins/cssedit/admin/index.php.",
"id": "GHSA-542r-5cx4-5qfx",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:55:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:55:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-4472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/53018"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/9583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/2536"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-543Q-J4VP-RJFQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:37 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:37When opening a deep link URL in SAP Fiori Client with log level set to "Debug", the client application logs the URL to the log file. If this URL contains malicious JavaScript code it can eventually run inside the built-in log viewer of the application in case user opens the viewer and taps on the hyperlink in the viewer. SAP Fiori Client version 1.11.5 in Google Play store addresses these issues and users must update to that version.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-2491"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-13T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When opening a deep link URL in SAP Fiori Client with log level set to \"Debug\", the client application logs the URL to the log file. If this URL contains malicious JavaScript code it can eventually run inside the built-in log viewer of the application in case user opens the viewer and taps on the hyperlink in the viewer. SAP Fiori Client version 1.11.5 in Google Play store addresses these issues and users must update to that version.",
"id": "GHSA-543q-j4vp-rjfq",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:37:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:37:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-2491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2691126"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=503809832"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5462-4VCX-JH7J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-10 16:54 – Updated: 2024-12-10 20:59Impact
An attacker can write a malicious expression that escapes the sandbox to execute arbitrary code on the system.
Example of vulnerable code:
const expressions = require("angular-expressions");
const result = expressions.compile("__proto__.constructor")({}, {});
// result should be undefined, however for versions <=1.4.2, it returns an object.
With a more complex (undisclosed) payload, one can get full access to Arbitrary code execution on the system.
Patches
The problem has been patched in version 1.4.3 of angular-expressions.
Workarounds
There is one workaround if it not possible for you to update :
- Make sure that you use the compiled function with just one argument : ie this is not vulnerable :
const result = expressions.compile("__proto__.constructor")({});: in this case you lose the feature of locals if you need it.
Credits
Credits go to JorianWoltjer who has found the issue and reported it to use. https://jorianwoltjer.com/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "angular-expressions"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-54152"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-10T16:54:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-10T16:15:23Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAn attacker can write a malicious expression that escapes the sandbox to execute arbitrary code on the system.\n\nExample of vulnerable code:\n\n```js\nconst expressions = require(\"angular-expressions\");\nconst result = expressions.compile(\"__proto__.constructor\")({}, {});\n// result should be undefined, however for versions \u003c=1.4.2, it returns an object.\n```\n\nWith a more complex (undisclosed) payload, one can get full access to Arbitrary code execution on the system.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe problem has been patched in version 1.4.3 of angular-expressions.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is one workaround if it not possible for you to update : \n\n* Make sure that you use the compiled function with just one argument : ie this is not vulnerable : \n `const result = expressions.compile(\"__proto__.constructor\")({});` : in this case you lose the feature of locals if you need it.\n\n### Credits\n\nCredits go to [JorianWoltjer](https://github.com/JorianWoltjer) who has found the issue and reported it to use. https://jorianwoltjer.com/",
"id": "GHSA-5462-4vcx-jh7j",
"modified": "2024-12-10T20:59:46Z",
"published": "2024-12-10T16:54:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/peerigon/angular-expressions/security/advisories/GHSA-5462-4vcx-jh7j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54152"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/peerigon/angular-expressions/commit/97f7ad94006156eeb97fc942332578b6cfbf8eef"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/peerigon/angular-expressions"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Angular Expressions - Remote Code Execution when using locals"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.