Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8301 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-5757 (GCVE-0-2025-5757)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 10:31 – Updated: 2025-06-06 15:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
code-projects Traffic Offense Reporting System save-reported.php cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in code-projects Traffic Offense Reporting System 1.0. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /save-reported.php. The manipulation of the argument offence_id/vehicle_no/driver_license/name/address/gender/officer_reporting/offence leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311300 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311300 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.590649 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/tuooo/CVE/issues/4 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://code-projects.org/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| code-projects | Traffic Offense Reporting System |
Affected:
1.0
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-5727 (GCVE-0-2025-5727)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 06:31 – Updated: 2025-06-06 16:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Announcement Page announcement cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /script/academic/announcement of the component Announcement Page. The manipulation of the argument Title leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311247 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311247 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5726 (GCVE-0-2025-5726)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 06:00 – Updated: 2025-06-06 15:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Division System Page division-system cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /script/academic/division-system of the component Division System Page. The manipulation of the argument Division leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311246 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311246 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5725 (GCVE-0-2025-5725)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 05:31 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Grading System Page grading-system cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0. It has been declared as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /script/academic/grading-system of the component Grading System Page. The manipulation of the argument Remark leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311245 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311245 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5724 (GCVE-0-2025-5724)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 05:31 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Subjects Page subjects cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0. It has been classified as problematic. Affected is an unknown function of the file /script/academic/subjects of the component Subjects Page. The manipulation of the argument Subject leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311244 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311244 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5723 (GCVE-0-2025-5723)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 05:00 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Classes Page classes cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0 and classified as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /script/academic/classes of the component Classes Page. The manipulation of the argument Class Name leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311243 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311243 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5722 (GCVE-0-2025-5722)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 04:31 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Add Academic Term terms cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0 and classified as problematic. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /script/academic/terms of the component Add Academic Term. The manipulation of the argument Academic Term leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311242 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311242 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
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CVE-2025-5721 (GCVE-0-2025-5721)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 04:00 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Student Result Management System Profile Setting Page update_profile cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /script/academic/core/update_profile of the component Profile Setting Page. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311241 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311241 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.590569 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | related |
| https://github.com/0xEricTee/CVE/blob/main/Resear… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Student Result Management System |
Affected:
1.0
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-5717 (GCVE-0-2025-5717)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-23 16:05 – Updated: 2025-10-31 15:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Authenticated Remote Code Execution in Multiple WSO2 Products via Event Processor Admin Service
Summary
An authenticated remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in multiple WSO2 products due to improper input validation in the event processor admin service. A user with administrative access to the SOAP admin services can exploit this flaw by deploying a Siddhi execution plan containing malicious Java code, resulting in arbitrary code execution on the server.
Exploitation of this vulnerability requires a valid user account with administrative privileges, limiting the attack surface to authenticated but potentially malicious users.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WSO2 | WSO2 API Manager |
Unknown:
0 , < 3.0.0
(custom)
Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.0.0.174 (custom) Affected: 3.1.0 , < 3.1.0.330 (custom) Affected: 3.2.0 , < 3.2.0.426 (custom) Affected: 3.2.1 , < 3.2.1.46 (custom) Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.0.0.344 (custom) Affected: 4.1.0 , < 4.1.0.208 (custom) Affected: 4.2.0 , < 4.2.0.147 (custom) Affected: 4.3.0 , < 4.3.0.59 (custom) Affected: 4.4.0 , < 4.4.0.22 (custom) Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.6 (custom) |
|
| WSO2 | WSO2 Open Banking AM |
Unknown:
0 , < 2.0.0
(custom)
Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.0.0.379 (custom) |
|
| WSO2 | WSO2 Traffic Manager |
Affected:
4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.6
(custom)
|
|
| WSO2 | WSO2 API Control Plane |
Affected:
4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.6
(custom)
|
|
| WSO2 | Siddhi Extension Evaluate Scripts |
Affected:
3.2.6 , < 3.2.6.8
(custom)
Affected: 3.2.7 , < 3.2.7.6 (custom) Affected: 3.2.8 , < 3.2.8.3 (custom) Affected: 3.2.10 , < 3.2.10.1 (custom) Affected: 3.2.13 , < 3.2.13.2 (custom) Affected: 3.2.14 , < 3.2.14.1 (custom) Unaffected: 3.2.15 , ≤ * (custom) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-5713 (GCVE-0-2025-5713)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 02:31 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SoluçõesCoop iSoluçõesWEB Flow fluxos-dashboard cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SoluçõesCoop iSoluçõesWEB up to 20250519 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /fluxos-dashboard of the component Flow Handler. The manipulation of the argument Descrição da solicitação leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.311234 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311234 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.579504 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/lfparizzi/CVE-SolucoesCoop | related |
| https://github.com/lfparizzi/CVE-SolucoesCoop#sto… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SoluçõesCoop | iSoluçõesWEB |
Affected:
20250519
|
Credits
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"timestamp": "2025-06-09T13:39:03.458174Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-09T13:39:05.961Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://github.com/lfparizzi/CVE-SolucoesCoop"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"Flow Handler"
],
"product": "iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB",
"vendor": "Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "20250519"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "Syrtain (VulDB User)"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability was found in Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB up to 20250519 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /fluxos-dashboard of the component Flow Handler. The manipulation of the argument Descri\u00e7\u00e3o da solicita\u00e7\u00e3o leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
},
{
"lang": "de",
"value": "Eine Schwachstelle wurde in Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB bis 20250519 gefunden. Sie wurde als problematisch eingestuft. Hierbei geht es um eine nicht exakt ausgemachte Funktion der Datei /fluxos-dashboard der Komponente Flow Handler. Dank der Manipulation des Arguments Descri\u00e7\u00e3o da solicita\u00e7\u00e3o mit unbekannten Daten kann eine cross site scripting-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Umgesetzt werden kann der Angriff \u00fcber das Netzwerk. Der Exploit steht zur \u00f6ffentlichen Verf\u00fcgung. Als bestm\u00f6gliche Massnahme wird das Einspielen eines Upgrades empfohlen."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 5.1,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 4,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:N/I:P/A:N/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-79",
"description": "Cross Site Scripting",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-94",
"description": "Code Injection",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-06T02:31:09.851Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-311234 | Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB Flow fluxos-dashboard cross site scripting",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.311234"
},
{
"name": "VDB-311234 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311234"
},
{
"name": "Submit #579504 | iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop main Cross Site Scripting",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.579504"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://github.com/lfparizzi/CVE-SolucoesCoop"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://github.com/lfparizzi/CVE-SolucoesCoop#stored-xss"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-05T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-05T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-05T06:58:18.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "Solu\u00e7\u00f5esCoop iSolu\u00e7\u00f5esWEB Flow fluxos-dashboard cross site scripting"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-5713",
"datePublished": "2025-06-06T02:31:09.851Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-06-05T04:53:04.348Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-09T13:39:05.961Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Operation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
Implementation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.