CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14616 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-X289-C764-465J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in zookatron MyBookProgress by Stormhill Media allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects MyBookProgress by Stormhill Media: from n/a through 1.0.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31887"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-01T15:16:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in zookatron MyBookProgress by Stormhill Media allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects MyBookProgress by Stormhill Media: from n/a through 1.0.8.",
"id": "GHSA-x289-c764-465j",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:24Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T15:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31887"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/mybookprogress/vulnerability/wordpress-mybookprogress-plugin-1-0-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X28G-5XX3-XCPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marco Almeida | Webdados Taxonomy/Term and Role based Discounts for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Taxonomy/Term and Role based Discounts for WooCommerce: from n/a through 5.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-24T18:15:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marco Almeida | Webdados Taxonomy/Term and Role based Discounts for WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Taxonomy/Term and Role based Discounts for WooCommerce: from n/a through 5.1.",
"id": "GHSA-x28g-5xx3-xcpg",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:31Z",
"published": "2025-01-24T18:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/taxonomy-discounts-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-taxonomy-term-and-role-based-discounts-for-woocommerce-plugin-5-1-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-to-settings-change-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X28P-92QG-M6C6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-14 03:31 – Updated: 2024-06-14 03:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in WriterSystem WooCommerce Easy Duplicate Product.This issue affects WooCommerce Easy Duplicate Product: from n/a through 0.3.0.7.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51523"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-14T02:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WriterSystem WooCommerce Easy Duplicate Product.This issue affects WooCommerce Easy Duplicate Product: from n/a through 0.3.0.7.",
"id": "GHSA-x28p-92qg-m6c6",
"modified": "2024-06-14T03:31:19Z",
"published": "2024-06-14T03:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51523"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/woo-easy-duplicate-product/wordpress-woocommerce-easy-duplicate-product-plugin-0-3-0-7-broken-access-control-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2CM-HG9C-MF5W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 21:44 – Updated: 2026-04-10 19:42Summary
Leaf subagents could still use the send action to message controlled child sessions even when their controlScope was narrower than children.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected: < 2026.3.22
- Fixed: >= 2026.3.22
- Latest released tag checked:
v2026.3.23-2(630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87) - Latest published npm version checked:
2026.3.23-2
Fix Commit(s)
7679eb375294941b02214c234aff3948796969d0
Release Status
The fix shipped in v2026.3.22 and remains present in v2026.3.23 and v2026.3.23-2.
Code-Level Confirmation
- src/auto-reply/reply/commands-subagents/action-send.ts now threads controller context through the send path.
- src/agents/subagent-control.ts now blocks send attempts unless the requester owns the target and has controlScope="children".
OpenClaw thanks @space08 for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35662"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T21:44:41Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-10T17:17:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\nLeaf subagents could still use the send action to message controlled child sessions even when their controlScope was narrower than children.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: \u003c 2026.3.22\n- Fixed: \u003e= 2026.3.22\n- Latest released tag checked: `v2026.3.23-2` (`630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87`)\n- Latest published npm version checked: `2026.3.23-2`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `7679eb375294941b02214c234aff3948796969d0`\n\n## Release Status\nThe fix shipped in `v2026.3.22` and remains present in `v2026.3.23` and `v2026.3.23-2`.\n\n## Code-Level Confirmation\n- src/auto-reply/reply/commands-subagents/action-send.ts now threads controller context through the send path.\n- src/agents/subagent-control.ts now blocks send attempts unless the requester owns the target and has controlScope=\"children\".\n\nOpenClaw thanks @space08 for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-x2cm-hg9c-mf5w",
"modified": "2026-04-10T19:42:27Z",
"published": "2026-03-26T21:44:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-x2cm-hg9c-mf5w"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35662"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/7679eb375294941b02214c234aff3948796969d0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-missing-controlscope-enforcement-in-send-action"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw leaf subagents can bypass controlScope restrictions to send messages to child sessions"
}
GHSA-X2F4-46J7-4VR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in Houzez.co Houzez. This issue affects Houzez: from n/a through 3.4.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24747"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T15:15:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Houzez.co Houzez. This issue affects Houzez: from n/a through 3.4.0.",
"id": "GHSA-x2f4-46j7-4vr6",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:30Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T15:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/houzez/vulnerability/wordpress-houzez-theme-3-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2F8-G477-73FR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-21 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:33The Cryptocurrency (Token), Launchpad (Presale), ICO & IDO, Airdrop by TokenICO plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'saveDeployedContract' function in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.6. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the WordPress option tokenico_deployed_contracts, poisoning the smart contract addresses displayed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11773"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-21T08:15:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Cryptocurrency (Token), Launchpad (Presale), ICO \u0026 IDO, Airdrop by TokenICO plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027saveDeployedContract\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.6. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to overwrite the WordPress option `tokenico_deployed_contracts`, poisoning the smart contract addresses displayed.",
"id": "GHSA-x2f8-g477-73fr",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:33:08Z",
"published": "2025-11-21T09:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11773"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/tokenico-cryptocurrency-token-launchpad-presale-ico-ido-airdrop/tags/2.4.6/app/RestAPI.php#L108"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3449189%40tokenico-cryptocurrency-token-launchpad-presale-ico-ido-airdrop\u0026new=3449189%40tokenico-cryptocurrency-token-launchpad-presale-ico-ido-airdrop\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e02597b1-eea6-4fdd-baeb-527201d1c61f?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2GV-XG7R-VX8G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-20 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Syed Balkhi Giveaways and Contests by RafflePress allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Giveaways and Contests by RafflePress: from n/a through 1.12.17.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49997"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-20T15:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Syed Balkhi Giveaways and Contests by RafflePress allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Giveaways and Contests by RafflePress: from n/a through 1.12.17.",
"id": "GHSA-x2gv-xg7r-vx8g",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:32Z",
"published": "2025-06-20T15:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49997"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/rafflepress/vulnerability/wordpress-giveaways-and-contests-by-rafflepress-plugin-1-12-17-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2H5-274P-6QQF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30The WooCommerce PayPal Payments plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized order manipulation and information disclosure due to missing authorization checks on the ppc-create-order and ppc-get-order WC-AJAX endpoints in all versions up to, and including, 4.0.1. The ppc-create-order endpoint accepts an arbitrary WooCommerce order ID in the pay-now context without validating order ownership, allowing attackers to create PayPal orders for any WC order and write PayPal metadata to it. The ppc-get-order endpoint returns full PayPal order details for any PayPal order ID without binding to the requester's session. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to chain these endpoints to manipulate other customers' order payment flows and exfiltrate sensitive order details (payer information, shipping data) by creating a PayPal order for a victim's WC order and then retrieving the PayPal order data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9284"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-23T05:16:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WooCommerce PayPal Payments plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized order manipulation and information disclosure due to missing authorization checks on the `ppc-create-order` and `ppc-get-order` WC-AJAX endpoints in all versions up to, and including, 4.0.1. The `ppc-create-order` endpoint accepts an arbitrary WooCommerce order ID in the `pay-now` context without validating order ownership, allowing attackers to create PayPal orders for any WC order and write PayPal metadata to it. The `ppc-get-order` endpoint returns full PayPal order details for any PayPal order ID without binding to the requester\u0027s session. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to chain these endpoints to manipulate other customers\u0027 order payment flows and exfiltrate sensitive order details (payer information, shipping data) by creating a PayPal order for a victim\u0027s WC order and then retrieving the PayPal order data.",
"id": "GHSA-x2h5-274p-6qqf",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:23Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9284"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-paypal-payments/tags/3.3.2/modules/ppcp-button/src/Endpoint/CreateOrderEndpoint.php#L249"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-paypal-payments/tags/3.3.2/modules/ppcp-button/src/Endpoint/GetOrderEndpoint.php#L44"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-paypal-payments/trunk/modules/ppcp-button/src/Endpoint/CreateOrderEndpoint.php#L249"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-paypal-payments/trunk/modules/ppcp-button/src/Endpoint/GetOrderEndpoint.php#L44"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3497597%40woocommerce-paypal-payments\u0026new=3497597%40woocommerce-paypal-payments\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d5fa3282-b3be-4ea1-9865-011dea828a25?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2H8-Q8W2-33XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-17 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-17 06:30The Community Events plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the ajax_admin_event_approval() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to approve arbitrary events via the 'eventlist' parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14029"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-17T05:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Community Events plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the ajax_admin_event_approval() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to approve arbitrary events via the \u0027eventlist\u0027 parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-x2h8-q8w2-33xm",
"modified": "2026-01-17T06:30:36Z",
"published": "2026-01-17T06:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14029"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/community-events/tags/1.5.5/community-events.php#L160"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/community-events/tags/1.5.5/community-events.php#L64"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/community-events/trunk/community-events.php#L160"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3437116%40community-events\u0026new=3437116%40community-events\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/098c3f4c-b6bc-462a-98ef-30e6a68d74cf?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X2HV-7JF3-P2RF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-07 06:32 – Updated: 2025-01-07 06:32The Popup – MailChimp, GetResponse and ActiveCampaign Intergrations plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the 'upc_delete_db_data' AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.2.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete the DB data for the plugin.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12158"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-07T05:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Popup \u2013 MailChimp, GetResponse and ActiveCampaign Intergrations plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027upc_delete_db_data\u0027 AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.2.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete the DB data for the plugin.",
"id": "GHSA-x2hv-7jf3-p2rf",
"modified": "2025-01-07T06:32:15Z",
"published": "2025-01-07T06:32:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/ultimate-popup-creator"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/93a698df-fd68-4fbc-946e-a9b5a7f93b71?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.