CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14606 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WWM6-CF6H-7H22
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-28 09:30 – Updated: 2024-02-28 09:30The WP eCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary post creation due to a missing capability check on the check_for_saas_push() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.15.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to create arbitrary posts with arbitrary content.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1516"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-28T09:15:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP eCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary post creation due to a missing capability check on the check_for_saas_push() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.15.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to create arbitrary posts with arbitrary content.",
"id": "GHSA-wwm6-cf6h-7h22",
"modified": "2024-02-28T09:30:39Z",
"published": "2024-02-28T09:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1516"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-e-commerce/trunk/wpsc-components/marketplace-core-v1/library/Sputnik.php#L191"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b0a9f3d2-aa7f-4fc2-9cfd-b69ec3f63160?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WWPJ-227G-G62P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:32 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fahad Mahmood WP Datepicker allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects WP Datepicker: from n/a through 2.1.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47321"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fahad Mahmood WP Datepicker allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects WP Datepicker: from n/a through 2.1.1.",
"id": "GHSA-wwpj-227g-g62p",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:17Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47321"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-datepicker/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-datepicker-plugin-2-1-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wp-datepicker/wordpress-wp-datepicker-plugin-2-1-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WWQP-5C8M-77F3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Jordy Meow Photo Engine allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Photo Engine: from n/a through 6.4.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43332"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Jordy Meow Photo Engine allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Photo Engine: from n/a through 6.4.0.",
"id": "GHSA-wwqp-5c8m-77f3",
"modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43332"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wplr-sync/wordpress-photo-engine-plugin-6-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WWR4-79JV-297R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:58 – Updated: 2022-12-06 21:48A missing permission check in Jenkins Google Kubernetes Engine Plugin Prior to version 0.7.1 allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to obtain limited information about the scope of a credential with an attacker-specified credentials ID. This issue is patched in version 0.7.1
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:google-kubernetes-engine"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.7.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10445"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-06T21:48:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-16T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins Google Kubernetes Engine Plugin Prior to version 0.7.1 allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to obtain limited information about the scope of a credential with an attacker-specified credentials ID. This issue is patched in version 0.7.1",
"id": "GHSA-wwr4-79jv-297r",
"modified": "2022-12-06T21:48:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:58:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10445"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/google-kubernetes-engine-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-10-16/#SECURITY-1607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/10/16/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing permission checks in Google Kubernetes Engine Jenkins Plugin"
}
GHSA-WWWC-F646-VJ2J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-06 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-11 16:12Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-536q-mj95-h29h. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw before 2026.4.10 contains an incomplete navigation guard vulnerability that allows attackers to trigger navigation without complete SSRF policy enforcement. Browser press/type style interactions, including pressKey and type submit flows, can bypass post-action security checks to execute unauthorized navigation.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.4.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-11T16:12:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-06T20:16:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-536q-mj95-h29h. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nOpenClaw before 2026.4.10 contains an incomplete navigation guard vulnerability that allows attackers to trigger navigation without complete SSRF policy enforcement. Browser press/type style interactions, including pressKey and type submit flows, can bypass post-action security checks to execute unauthorized navigation.",
"id": "GHSA-wwwc-f646-vj2j",
"modified": "2026-05-11T16:12:36Z",
"published": "2026-05-06T21:31:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-536q-mj95-h29h"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43580"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/049acf23cb03e1b92f5c71cd99c6ec5f35cc56fe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/5f5b3d733bdd791cb457f838514179e1288b10b3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/e0b8ddc1a55185aff1cf9e0e095014d2e4f1d894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-incomplete-navigation-guard-coverage-in-browser-interactions"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw: Browser press/type interaction routes missed complete navigation guard coverage",
"withdrawn": "2026-05-11T16:12:36Z"
}
GHSA-WWWC-Q9CH-83C7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-05 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32The Form Vibes – Database Manager for Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data and modification of data due to a missing capability check on the fv_export_csv, reset_settings, save_settings, save_columns_settings, get_analytics_data, get_event_logs_data, delete_submissions, and get_submissions functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.12. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to perform multiple unauthorized actions. NOTE: This vulnerability is partially fixed in version 1.4.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-5309"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-05T09:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Form Vibes \u2013 Database Manager for Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data and modification of data due to a missing capability check on the fv_export_csv, reset_settings, save_settings, save_columns_settings, get_analytics_data, get_event_logs_data, delete_submissions, and get_submissions functions in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.12. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to perform multiple unauthorized actions. NOTE: This vulnerability is partially fixed in version 1.4.12.",
"id": "GHSA-wwwc-q9ch-83c7",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:53Z",
"published": "2024-09-05T09:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5309"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3146787"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3128705%40form-vibes\u0026new=3128705%40form-vibes\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/aba88c4c-93a4-4c1c-b239-68b5fec87146?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WX22-GMGF-5J2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-03 18:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in Northern Beaches Websites WP Custom Admin Interface wp-custom-admin-interface allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Custom Admin Interface: from n/a through <= 7.41.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25011"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T15:16:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Northern Beaches Websites WP Custom Admin Interface wp-custom-admin-interface allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Custom Admin Interface: from n/a through \u003c= 7.41.",
"id": "GHSA-wx22-gmgf-5j2h",
"modified": "2026-02-03T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2026-02-03T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-custom-admin-interface/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-custom-admin-interface-plugin-7-41-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WX28-57X9-XV5F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-25 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33A vulnerability in the VPN web server of Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to access restricted URL endpoints without authentication that should otherwise be inaccessible without authentication.
This vulnerability is due to improper validation of user-supplied input in HTTP(S) requests. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted HTTP requests to a targeted web server on a device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access a restricted URL without authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20362"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-25T16:15:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the VPN web server of Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to access restricted URL endpoints without authentication that should otherwise be inaccessible without authentication. \n\n This vulnerability is due to improper validation of user-supplied input in HTTP(S) requests. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted HTTP requests to a targeted web server on a device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access a restricted URL without authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-wx28-57x9-xv5f",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:23Z",
"published": "2025-09-25T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-asaftd-webvpn-YROOTUW"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/resources/asa_ftd_continued_attacks"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-20362"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WX36-WGP2-FWPQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-30 00:34 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:31This issue was addressed by adding an additional prompt for user consent. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.6, macOS Monterey 12.7.6, macOS Ventura 13.6.8. A shortcut may be able to bypass sensitive Shortcuts app settings.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40834"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-29T23:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed by adding an additional prompt for user consent. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.6, macOS Monterey 12.7.6, macOS Ventura 13.6.8. A shortcut may be able to bypass sensitive Shortcuts app settings.",
"id": "GHSA-wx36-wgp2-fwpq",
"modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:53Z",
"published": "2024-07-30T00:34:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120910"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120911"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/18"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/19"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/20"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WX44-V3QH-C2JF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-13 00:48 – Updated: 2026-05-13 00:48The MonsterInsights – Google Analytics Dashboard for WordPress (Website Stats Made Easy) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability checks on the get_ads_access_token() and reset_experience() functions in all versions up to, and including, 10.1.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve live Google OAuth access tokens and reset Plugins's Google Ads integration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5371"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T23:16:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The MonsterInsights \u2013 Google Analytics Dashboard for WordPress (Website Stats Made Easy) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability checks on the get_ads_access_token() and reset_experience() functions in all versions up to, and including, 10.1.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve live Google OAuth access tokens and reset Plugins\u0027s Google Ads integration.",
"id": "GHSA-wx44-v3qh-c2jf",
"modified": "2026-05-13T00:48:14Z",
"published": "2026-05-13T00:48:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/google-analytics-for-wordpress/tags/10.0.3/includes/admin/admin-assets.php#L205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/google-analytics-for-wordpress/tags/10.0.3/includes/ppc/google/class-monsterinsights-google-ads.php#L167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/google-analytics-for-wordpress/tags/10.0.3/includes/ppc/google/class-monsterinsights-google-ads.php#L243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5d380b66-675e-451d-a7e3-4efe1fbd08b2?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.