Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14837 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-PMJW-G89G-PFH4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-21 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-21 06:30
VLAI
Details

The ELEX WordPress HelpDesk & Customer Ticketing System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the eh_crm_restore_data() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to restore tickets.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12023"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-21T06:15:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The ELEX WordPress HelpDesk \u0026 Customer Ticketing System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the eh_crm_restore_data() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to restore tickets.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmjw-g89g-pfh4",
  "modified": "2025-11-21T06:30:50Z",
  "published": "2025-11-21T06:30:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12023"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3399391/elex-helpdesk-customer-support-ticket-system/trunk/includes/class-crm-ajax-functions.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/4599b145-cb89-48d4-8581-e1ee7a7bd323?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PMMX-XX77-VM2J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-04 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 17:48
VLAI
Details

A lack of authorisation vulnerability has been detected in CanalDenuncia.app. This vulnerability allows an attacker to access other users' information by sending a POST through the parameter 'id_user' in '/backend/api/buscarUsuarioId.php'.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-41342"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-04T14:15:36Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A lack of authorisation vulnerability has been detected in CanalDenuncia.app. This vulnerability allows an attacker to access other users\u0027 information by sending a POST through the\u00a0parameter \u0027id_user\u0027 in \u0027/backend/api/buscarUsuarioId.php\u0027.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmmx-xx77-vm2j",
  "modified": "2025-11-05T17:48:28Z",
  "published": "2025-11-04T15:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-canaldenunciaapp"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PMPR-G596-6QX6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Barry Event Rocket allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Event Rocket: from n/a through 3.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-53452"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-22T19:15:41Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Barry Event Rocket allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Event Rocket: from n/a through 3.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmpr-g596-6qx6",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:49Z",
  "published": "2025-09-22T21:30:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53452"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/event-rocket/vulnerability/wordpress-event-rocket-plugin-3-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PMQM-WJF2-4FV5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-13 09:31 – Updated: 2025-02-13 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Read More & Accordion plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the expmDeleteData() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.4.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary 'read more' posts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-13639"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-13T09:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Read More \u0026 Accordion plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the expmDeleteData() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.4.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary \u0027read more\u0027 posts.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmqm-wjf2-4fv5",
  "modified": "2025-02-13T09:31:26Z",
  "published": "2025-02-13T09:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13639"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/expand-maker/trunk/files/ReadMoreAdminPost.php#L9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/expand-maker/trunk/files/ReadMoreAdminPost.php#L98"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3239533"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/expand-maker"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/65849267-8bb5-48fd-b95e-e89a1e744fe0?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PMR4-RQ5X-JPMJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in miniOrange WordPress Social Login and Register (Discord, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn) allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WordPress Social Login and Register (Discord, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn): from n/a through 7.6.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-25455"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in miniOrange WordPress Social Login and Register (Discord, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn) allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WordPress Social Login and Register (Discord, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn): from n/a through 7.6.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmr4-rq5x-jpmj",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:16Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25455"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/miniorange-login-openid/vulnerability/wordpress-wordpress-social-login-and-register-discord-google-twitter-linkedin-plugin-7-6-0-arbitrary-content-deletion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PMW6-G53R-V83Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-26 12:41 – Updated: 2024-11-26 12:41
VLAI
Details

The Hustle – Email Marketing, Lead Generation, Optins, Popups plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the preview_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view unpublished forms.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10579"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-26T11:21:58Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Hustle \u2013 Email Marketing, Lead Generation, Optins, Popups plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the preview_module() function in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to view unpublished forms.",
  "id": "GHSA-pmw6-g53r-v83q",
  "modified": "2024-11-26T12:41:36Z",
  "published": "2024-11-26T12:41:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10579"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wordpress-popup/tags/7.8.5/inc/hustle-modules-common-admin-ajax.php#L189"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wordpress-popup/trunk/inc/hustle-modules-common-admin-ajax.php#L189"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ebd96d9c-c1ab-4a53-a52a-9fc2541482f2?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PP2R-P867-HJ9H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-09 21:31
VLAI
Details

The Newsmatic theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.0 via the 'newsmatic_filter_posts_load_tab_content'. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view draft posts and post content.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1587"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T19:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Newsmatic theme for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.0 via the \u0027newsmatic_filter_posts_load_tab_content\u0027. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view draft posts and post content.",
  "id": "GHSA-pp2r-p867-hj9h",
  "modified": "2024-04-09T21:31:58Z",
  "published": "2024-04-09T21:31:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1587"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://themes.trac.wordpress.org/browser/newsmatic/1.3.0/inc/template-functions.php#L634"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/bd2ea430-48ce-43c3-ba3d-8ef5f91460ce?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PP39-PQ9R-8CPP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-16 06:31 – Updated: 2026-07-16 06:31
VLAI
Details

The Catch Themes Demo Import plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to, and including, 3.3. This is due to the catch_themes_demo_import_activate_plugin() function, hooked on admin_init when the activate_plugin GET parameter is present, calling Plugin_Upgrader::install() to download and install a plugin from WordPress.org before performing the current_user_can('activate_plugins') capability check. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to install the hardcoded 'essential-content-types' plugin from the WordPress.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-15336"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-16T04:17:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Catch Themes Demo Import plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to, and including, 3.3. This is due to the catch_themes_demo_import_activate_plugin() function, hooked on admin_init when the activate_plugin GET parameter is present, calling Plugin_Upgrader::install() to download and install a plugin from WordPress.org before performing the current_user_can(\u0027activate_plugins\u0027) capability check. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to install the hardcoded \u0027essential-content-types\u0027 plugin from the WordPress.",
  "id": "GHSA-pp39-pq9r-8cpp",
  "modified": "2026-07-16T06:31:27Z",
  "published": "2026-07-16T06:31:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15336"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L135"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L136"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.2/inc/demo-importer.php#L235"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L135"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L136"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/catch-themes-demo-import/tags/3.3/inc/demo-importer.php#L235"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3604098%40catch-themes-demo-import\u0026new=3604098%40catch-themes-demo-import"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/12c7661c-0700-4370-9272-d8a19b17006e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PP6J-MP38-QF6C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:11
VLAI
Details

An issue in Dut Computer Control Engineering Co.'s PLC MAC1100 allows attackers to gain access to the system and escalate privileges via a crafted packet.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-18753"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-13T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue in Dut Computer Control Engineering Co.\u0027s PLC MAC1100 allows attackers to gain access to the system and escalate privileges via a crafted packet.",
  "id": "GHSA-pp6j-mp38-qf6c",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:11:04Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:11:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-18753"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Ni9htMar3/vulnerability/blob/master/PLC/DCCE/DCCE%20MAC1100%20PLC_start-stop.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-PP7P-6P72-CQXG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-06 18:33 – Updated: 2026-04-06 18:33
VLAI
Details

Twitch Studio version 0.114.8 and prior contain a privilege escalation vulnerability in its privileged helper tool that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code as root by exploiting an unprotected XPC service. Attackers can invoke the installFromPath:toPath:withReply: method to overwrite system files and privileged binaries, achieving full system compromise. Twitch Studio was discontinued in May 2024.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-14032"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T16:16:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Twitch Studio version 0.114.8 and prior contain a privilege escalation vulnerability in its privileged helper tool that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code as root by exploiting an unprotected XPC service. Attackers can invoke the installFromPath:toPath:withReply: method to overwrite system files and privileged binaries, achieving full system compromise. Twitch Studio was discontinued in May 2024.",
  "id": "GHSA-pp7p-6p72-cqxg",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T18:33:04Z",
  "published": "2026-04-06T18:33:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-14032"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://help.twitch.tv/s/article/recommended-software-for-broadcasting"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://help.twitch.tv/s/topic/0TO3a000000kZfYGAU/twitch-studio"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.iru.com/blog/twitch-privileged-helper"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/twitch-studio-launcherhelper-xpc-missing-authorization-to-root-file-write"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.