Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-MH82-X7HM-W8RM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32
VLAI
Details

The Registration Forms – User Registration Forms, Invitation-Based Registrations, Front-end User Profile, Login Form & Content Restriction plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary plugin installation and activation/deactivation due to missing capability checks on the pieregister_install_addon, pieregister_activate_addon and pieregister_deactivate_addon functions in all versions up to, and including, 3.8.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to install, activate and deactivate arbitrary plugins. As a result attackers might achieve code execution on the targeted server

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-6069"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T09:15:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Registration Forms \u2013 User Registration Forms, Invitation-Based Registrations, Front-end User Profile, Login Form \u0026 Content Restriction plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary plugin installation and activation/deactivation due to missing capability checks on the pieregister_install_addon, pieregister_activate_addon and pieregister_deactivate_addon functions in all versions up to, and including, 3.8.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to install, activate and deactivate arbitrary plugins. As a result attackers might achieve code execution on the targeted server",
  "id": "GHSA-mh82-x7hm-w8rm",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:51Z",
  "published": "2024-07-09T09:30:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6069"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-register/tags/3.8.3.4/pie-register.php#L727"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-register/tags/3.8.3.4/pie-register.php#L761"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pie-register/tags/3.8.3.4/pie-register.php#L794"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3116424"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/b946ee73-4cf9-48c8-b456-285b118c6b05?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MH83-6PMQ-WF9V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-03 18:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in wpelemento WPElemento Importer wpelemento-importer allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPElemento Importer: from n/a through <= 0.6.4.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24996"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T15:16:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in wpelemento WPElemento Importer wpelemento-importer allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPElemento Importer: from n/a through \u003c= 0.6.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-mh83-6pmq-wf9v",
  "modified": "2026-02-03T18:30:43Z",
  "published": "2026-02-03T15:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24996"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wpelemento-importer/vulnerability/wordpress-wpelemento-importer-plugin-0-6-4-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MH84-747X-6J6C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-22 06:33 – Updated: 2025-03-27 03:33
VLAI
Details

The ProfileGrid – User Profiles, Groups and Communities plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pm_decline_join_group_request and pm_approve_join_group_request functions in all versions up to, and including, 5.9.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to approve or decline join group requests which is normally should be available to administrators only.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-1408"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-22T05:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The ProfileGrid \u2013 User Profiles, Groups and Communities plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the pm_decline_join_group_request and pm_approve_join_group_request functions in all versions up to, and including, 5.9.4.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to approve or decline join group requests which is normally should be available to administrators only.",
  "id": "GHSA-mh84-747x-6j6c",
  "modified": "2025-03-27T03:33:35Z",
  "published": "2025-03-22T06:33:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1408"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/profilegrid-user-profiles-groups-and-communities/tags/5.9.4.3/public/class-profile-magic-public.php#L3262"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/profilegrid-user-profiles-groups-and-communities/tags/5.9.4.3/public/class-profile-magic-public.php#L3306"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/641f7727-83ba-45c2-b3e1-1ce19f86eac7?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MH8X-5F3H-6M5X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-13 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Numinous numinous allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Numinous: from n/a through <= 1.3.0.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32380"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Numinous numinous allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Numinous: from n/a through \u003c= 1.3.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-mh8x-5f3h-6m5x",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T21:31:49Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T21:31:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32380"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/numinous/vulnerability/wordpress-numinous-theme-1-3-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MH9W-CHRG-W8JH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-03 12:30 – Updated: 2024-06-03 12:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fastly.This issue affects Fastly: from n/a through 1.2.25.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-34803"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-03T11:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fastly.This issue affects Fastly: from n/a through 1.2.25.",
  "id": "GHSA-mh9w-chrg-w8jh",
  "modified": "2024-06-03T12:30:39Z",
  "published": "2024-06-03T12:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34803"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/fastly/wordpress-fastly-plugin-1-2-25-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MHCC-425R-JWGV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in 10up Simple Page Ordering allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Simple Page Ordering: from n/a through 2.5.0.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32798"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in 10up Simple Page Ordering allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Simple Page Ordering: from n/a through 2.5.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-mhcc-425r-jwgv",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T15:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32798"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/simple-page-ordering/vulnerability/wordpress-simple-page-ordering-plugin-2-5-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MHCX-4C5F-W275

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:35 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:35
VLAI
Details

Incorrect Access Control in the configuration backup path in SAGEMCOM F@ST3486 NET DOCSIS 3.0, software NET_4.109.0, allows remote unauthenticated users to download the router configuration file via the /backupsettings.conf URI, when any valid session is running.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-29138"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-11-27T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Incorrect Access Control in the configuration backup path in SAGEMCOM F@ST3486 NET DOCSIS 3.0, software NET_4.109.0, allows remote unauthenticated users to download the router configuration file via the /backupsettings.conf URI, when any valid session is running.",
  "id": "GHSA-mhcx-4c5f-w275",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:35:02Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:35:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29138"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://medium.com/@alexandrevvo/improper-access-control-in-the-sagemcom-router-model-f-st3486-net-797968e8adc8"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-MHFC-WPJW-4HQQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-14 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-27 00:00
VLAI
Details

In getSubscriptionProperty of SubscriptionController.java, there is a possible read of a sensitive identifier due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10 Android-11 Android-12 Android-12LAndroid ID: A-213457638

Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-20225"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-13T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In getSubscriptionProperty of SubscriptionController.java, there is a possible read of a sensitive identifier due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10 Android-11 Android-12 Android-12LAndroid ID: A-213457638",
  "id": "GHSA-mhfc-wpjw-4hqq",
  "modified": "2022-07-27T00:00:48Z",
  "published": "2022-07-14T00:00:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2022-07-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MHGC-69VW-RQC7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fullworks Quick Event Manager allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Quick Event Manager: from n/a through 9.7.4.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-23975"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Fullworks Quick Event Manager allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Quick Event Manager: from n/a through 9.7.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-mhgc-69vw-rqc7",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:16Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23975"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/quick-event-manager/vulnerability/wordpress-quick-event-manager-plugin-9-7-4-broken-access-control?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MHGQ-XPFQ-6R66

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 20:46 – Updated: 2026-05-06 02:38
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: Unauthenticated plugin-auth HTTP routes receive operator runtime scopes
Details

Summary

Unauthenticated plugin-auth HTTP routes receive operator runtime scopes

Current Maintainer Triage

  • Status: narrow
  • Normalized severity: medium
  • Assessment: v2026.3.28 still gives auth:"plugin" routes operator WRITE_SCOPE, but impact should stay limited to plugin routes that actually touch privileged runtime actions before plugin auth completes.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Latest published npm version: 2026.3.31
  • Vulnerable version range: <=2026.3.28
  • Patched versions: >= 2026.3.31
  • First stable tag containing the fix: v2026.3.31

Fix Commit(s)

  • 2a1db0c0f1fa375004a95ba0ef030534790a6d47 — 2026-04-01T00:20:49+09:00

OpenClaw thanks @davidluzsilva for reporting.

Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.28"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41394"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-269",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-02T20:46:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-28T19:37:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nUnauthenticated plugin-auth HTTP routes receive operator runtime scopes\n\n## Current Maintainer Triage\n- Status: narrow\n- Normalized severity: medium\n- Assessment: v2026.3.28 still gives auth:\"plugin\" routes operator WRITE_SCOPE, but impact should stay limited to plugin routes that actually touch privileged runtime actions before plugin auth completes.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Latest published npm version: `2026.3.31`\n- Vulnerable version range: `\u003c=2026.3.28`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.3.31`\n- First stable tag containing the fix: `v2026.3.31`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `2a1db0c0f1fa375004a95ba0ef030534790a6d47` \u2014 2026-04-01T00:20:49+09:00\n\nOpenClaw thanks @davidluzsilva for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-mhgq-xpfq-6r66",
  "modified": "2026-05-06T02:38:51Z",
  "published": "2026-04-02T20:46:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mhgq-xpfq-6r66"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41394"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/2a1db0c0f1fa375004a95ba0ef030534790a6d47"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-unauthorized-operator-scope-access-in-unauthenticated-plugin-auth-routes"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: Unauthenticated plugin-auth HTTP routes receive operator runtime scopes"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

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