Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19699 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-4XRM-6VQ2-F7MQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Saul Morales Pacheco Banner System allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Banner System: from n/a through 1.0.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54359"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T15:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Saul Morales Pacheco Banner System allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Banner System: from n/a through 1.0.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xrm-6vq2-f7mq",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:48Z",
  "published": "2024-12-16T15:31:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54359"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/banner-system/vulnerability/wordpress-banner-system-plugin-1-0-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4XV7-93MM-VWCP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-07 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:38
VLAI
Details

The WP Quick FrontEnd Editor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to page content injection in versions up to, and including, 5.5. This is due to missing capability checks in the plugin's page-editing functionality. This makes it possible for low-authenticated attackers, such as subscribers, to edit/create any page or post on the blog.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-4383"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-07T02:15:15Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WP Quick FrontEnd Editor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to page content injection in versions up to, and including, 5.5. This is due to missing capability checks in the plugin\u0027s page-editing functionality. This makes it possible for low-authenticated attackers, such as subscribers, to edit/create any page or post on the blog.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xv7-93mm-vwcp",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:38:49Z",
  "published": "2023-06-07T03:30:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4383"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.nintechnet.com/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-wordpress-wp-quick-frontend-editor-plugin-unpatched"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-quick-front-end-editor/#developers"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/f5492bff-cfd9-41ed-a59b-4445d5e83e86?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4XVQ-CW2R-G96R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-05 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-10 21:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in inseriswiss inseri core inseri-core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects inseri core: from n/a through <= 1.0.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27344"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-05T06:16:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in inseriswiss inseri core inseri-core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects inseri core: from n/a through \u003c= 1.0.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xvq-cw2r-g96r",
  "modified": "2026-03-10T21:32:11Z",
  "published": "2026-03-05T06:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27344"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/inseri-core/vulnerability/wordpress-inseri-core-plugin-1-0-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4XWF-GR64-F25H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-11-05 06:34 – Updated: 2026-11-06 15:31
VLAI
Details

The FV Flowplayer Video Player WordPress plugin before 7.5.56.7212 does not perform authorization or CSRF checks on several of its cloud storage media browser handlers, allowing any authenticated user with minimal permissions (such as Subscriber) to disclose the configuration and stored file listings of the site's connected cloud storage accounts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-85346"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-11-05T06:17:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The FV Flowplayer Video Player WordPress plugin before 7.5.56.7212 does not perform authorization or CSRF checks on several of its cloud storage media browser handlers, allowing any authenticated user with minimal permissions (such as Subscriber) to disclose the configuration and stored file listings of the site\u0027s connected cloud storage accounts.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xwf-gr64-f25h",
  "modified": "2026-11-06T15:31:24Z",
  "published": "2026-11-05T06:34:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-85346"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/b0167fea-fdce-4016-bb0f-329e0237f6d7"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4XX4-65HP-28VF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-05 03:30 – Updated: 2026-02-05 03:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was found in WeKan up to 8.20. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file server/methods/positionHistory.js of the component Position-History Tracking. The manipulation results in missing authorization. The attack may be performed from remote. Upgrading to version 8.21 can resolve this issue. The patch is identified as 55576ec17722db094835470b386162c9a662fb60. It is advisable to upgrade the affected component.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-1897"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-05T01:15:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in WeKan up to 8.20. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file server/methods/positionHistory.js of the component Position-History Tracking. The manipulation results in missing authorization. The attack may be performed from remote. Upgrading to version 8.21 can resolve this issue. The patch is identified as 55576ec17722db094835470b386162c9a662fb60. It is advisable to upgrade the affected component.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xx4-65hp-28vf",
  "modified": "2026-02-05T03:30:17Z",
  "published": "2026-02-05T03:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1897"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wekan/wekan/commit/55576ec17722db094835470b386162c9a662fb60"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wekan/wekan"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wekan/wekan/releases/tag/v8.21"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.344269"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.344269"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.742671"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4XXH-H8PJ-QXC6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-24 09:30 – Updated: 2025-04-24 09:30
VLAI
Details

The Reales WP - Real Estate WordPress Theme theme for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the 'reales_delete_file', 'reales_delete_file_plans', 'reales_add_to_favourites', and 'reales_remove_from_favourites' functions in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.2. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary attachments, and add or remove favorite property listings for any user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-13307"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-24T09:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Reales WP - Real Estate WordPress Theme theme for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027reales_delete_file\u0027, \u0027reales_delete_file_plans\u0027, \u0027reales_add_to_favourites\u0027, and \u0027reales_remove_from_favourites\u0027 functions in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.2. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary attachments, and add or remove favorite property listings for any user.",
  "id": "GHSA-4xxh-h8pj-qxc6",
  "modified": "2025-04-24T09:30:34Z",
  "published": "2025-04-24T09:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13307"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://themeforest.net/item/reales-wp-real-estate-wordpress-theme/10330568"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/cb94caa4-35a4-4aa3-8d25-263bbd58072a?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-522H-6J82-9C6F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:04
VLAI
Details

In Nuvoton NPCT75x TPM 1.2 firmware 7.4.0.0, a local authenticated malicious user with high privileges could potentially gain unauthorized access to TPM non-volatile memory. NOTE: Upgrading to firmware version 7.4.0.1 will mitigate against the vulnerability, but version 7.4.0.1 is not TCG or Common Criteria (CC) certified. Nuvoton recommends that users apply the NPCT75x TPM 1.2 firmware update.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-32015"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-06-08T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Nuvoton NPCT75x TPM 1.2 firmware 7.4.0.0, a local authenticated malicious user with high privileges could potentially gain unauthorized access to TPM non-volatile memory. NOTE: Upgrading to firmware version 7.4.0.1 will mitigate against the vulnerability, but version 7.4.0.1 is not TCG or Common Criteria (CC) certified. Nuvoton recommends that users apply the NPCT75x TPM 1.2 firmware update.",
  "id": "GHSA-522h-6j82-9c6f",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:04:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:04:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32015"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nuvoton.com/support/product-related-information/security-advisories/sa-001"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5238-W669-CG23

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-19 21:32 – Updated: 2026-05-19 21:32
VLAI
Details

The Kirki – Freeform Page Builder, Website Builder & Customizer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 6.0.6. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to view all Kirki frontend forms and read stored visitor form submission data, including contact details, messages, and any other visitor-provided information submitted through site forms.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-8096"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-19T19:16:51Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Kirki \u2013 Freeform Page Builder, Website Builder \u0026 Customizer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 6.0.6. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to view all Kirki frontend forms and read stored visitor form submission data, including contact details, messages, and any other visitor-provided information submitted through site forms.",
  "id": "GHSA-5238-w669-cg23",
  "modified": "2026-05-19T21:32:03Z",
  "published": "2026-05-19T21:32:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8096"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/kirki/tags/6.0.4/includes/Ajax.php#L675"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3535640/kirki"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/1a4414b1-6a49-42f8-9927-93763d1502ce?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5247-M8W9-2V4M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-12 18:31 – Updated: 2026-10-02 23:16
VLAI
Summary
Apache Airflow missing team context permits cross-team Dag actions and XCom reads
Details

Apache Airflow's asset materialization endpoint (POST /api/v2/assets/{asset_id}/materialize) and the XCom result check on wait_dag_run_until_finished authorized the target Dag without its team, unlike every other authorization site. A team-aware auth manager distinguishes a team-scoped Dag from a global one by that field -- the Keycloak auth manager, for example, checks the DAG resource instead of DAG:<team> -- so the team-scoped permission that should gate the request was never consulted. In a deployment running multi-team mode with a team-aware auth manager, an authenticated user in one team could trigger Dag runs belonging to another team, supplying their own dag_run_id and conf, and could read another team's XCom values. Deployments using the FAB auth manager are unaffected, as it has no multi-team support. Users are advised to upgrade to apache-airflow 3.3.1 or later, which resolves the Dag's team at both sites.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "apache-airflow"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-68971"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-02T23:16:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-12T16:17:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Apache Airflow\u0027s asset materialization endpoint (`POST /api/v2/assets/{asset_id}/materialize`) and the XCom result check on `wait_dag_run_until_finished` authorized the target Dag without its team, unlike every other authorization site. A team-aware auth manager distinguishes a team-scoped Dag from a global one by that field -- the Keycloak auth manager, for example, checks the `DAG` resource instead of `DAG:\u003cteam\u003e` -- so the team-scoped permission that should gate the request was never consulted. In a deployment running multi-team mode with a team-aware auth manager, an authenticated user in one team could trigger Dag runs belonging to another team, supplying their own `dag_run_id` and `conf`, and could read another team\u0027s XCom values. Deployments using the FAB auth manager are unaffected, as it has no multi-team support. Users are advised to upgrade to apache-airflow 3.3.1 or later, which resolves the Dag\u0027s team at both sites.",
  "id": "GHSA-5247-m8w9-2v4m",
  "modified": "2026-10-02T23:16:02Z",
  "published": "2026-08-12T18:31:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-68971"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/pull/70893"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/0940c4b66c270d929e9f59914c65e15bd4734680"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/f81459835adb111e57b2a87f586d856395660f8a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/releases/tag/3.3.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/apache-airflow/PYSEC-2026-3994.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/kfxqqwgojdjdnt6bxg3ord4y41y334fo"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/08/12/15"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Airflow missing team context permits cross-team Dag actions and XCom reads"
}

GHSA-525F-5RPG-R2MG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-24 15:31 – Updated: 2024-06-24 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Membership Software WishList Member X.This issue affects WishList Member X: from n/a through 3.25.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37111"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-24T13:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Membership Software WishList Member X.This issue affects WishList Member X: from n/a through 3.25.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-525f-5rpg-r2mg",
  "modified": "2024-06-24T15:31:44Z",
  "published": "2024-06-24T15:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37111"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wishlist-member-x/wordpress-wishlist-member-x-plugin-3-25-1-unauthenticated-denial-of-service-attack-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.